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Reproducibility package for Openness and Productivity Reform: Lessons for Middle-Income Economies from Thailand and other ASEAN

2026
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Reference ID
RR_THA_2026_689
Author(s)
Erhan Artuc, Ilena Cristina Neagu, Daria Taglioni
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Jul 06, 2026
Last modified
Jul 06, 2026
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  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata

    • Overview

    Abstract

    How can middle-income economies convert trade openness and productivity-enhancing reforms into higher real income and welfare? This paper develops a quantitative trade model with input-output linkages and labor market frictions to assess the impact of trade and productivity reforms on real income, wages, trade and production. Thailand and ASEAN provide a useful case because the region spans economies with very different approaches to growth: some deeply embedded in Asian manufacturing value chains, others focused on commodities, export-led industrializers, and countries pursuing more selective integration. This variation allows to assess when openness yields large welfare gains, when productivity reforms matter more, and when the two are complementary. The results show that openness gains depend on domestic capabilities, while productivity gains depend on access to inputs and markets. The policy implication is a twin agenda: reduce trade frictions in connectivity, customs, logistics, standards, certification, and regulatory recognition, while strengthening firm productivity, supplier capabilities, and manufacturing related services in high-growth sectors and GVCs.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    File name
    RR_THA_2026_689
    Zip package
    RR_THA_2026_689.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Openness and Productivity Reform: Lessons for Middle-Income Economies from Thailand and other ASEAN
    Date
    2026-07
    Dependencies
    Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    19 MP
    Name
    Python
    Version
    3.9.7
    Name
    MatLab
    Version
    R2024b
    Name
    Julia
    Version
    1.12.5

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise 10.0.26200
    • Processor: Intel64 Family 6 Model 207 (GenuineIntel), 128.0 GB RAM
    • Memory available: 128.0 GB
    Technology requirements

    Run time: ~15 minutes
    Julia: 7 minutes
    Matlab: 7 minutes
    Python: 1 minute
    Stata: 1 minute
    Reproduction instructions

    To reproduce the findings in this paper, a new user needs to do the following:

    Descriptive Tables

    1. All data is already included in the reproducibility package. If you would like to download the data from scratch instead, follow the process described in the Data section or the README file, download the datasets, and place them in the appropriate folder.
    2. Open the code_tables_1_and_2 do-file from the descriptive folder, update the path, and run the code.
    3. Results tables are in the two worksheets of the descriptive_tables Excel file, located in the descriptive folder.

    Simulations

    1. Change directory to simulations/tiva_2025.
    2. Run data_process_tiva.jl using Julia.
    3. Run data_process_pwt using Python.
    4. Change directory to simulations.
    5. Run run_main using Matlab.
    6. The results table is simulations/main_results_table6.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    Inter-Country Input-Output Tables (ICIO)
    Note
    There are two versions of ICIO: regular ICIO and extended ICIO. We use the 2025 edition (October 2025 update of regular ICIO). For this analysis we use the first and latest years available: 1994 and 2022. Access Type: The January 2026 version is accessible (the October 2025 version is not available on the website). Files location: reproducibility_package/simulations/tiva_2025/tiva_raw_2025/1995_SML, 2022_SML
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    OECD Terms & Conditions
    License URL
    https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html
    Data URL
    https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/inter-country-input-output-tables.html
    Citation
    OECD. 2025. "Inter-Country Input-Output tables (ICIO)". OECD TiVA database. [dataset]. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/inter-country-input-output-tables.html. Access date: November 2026.
    Name
    Penn World Table version 10.01
    Note
    File location: reproducibility_package/simulations/tiva_2025/pwt_raw/pwt1001.xlsx.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/pwt-releases/pwt1001
    Citation
    Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for download at https://www.ggdc.net/pwt. Access date: September 2025
    Name
    Global Value Chains (GVC's) WDR 2020
    Note
    To download the data from the link. GVC indicators: Download all files except "GVC TRADE data" from https://wits.worldbank.org/gvc/gvc-data-download.html, store in folder descriptive/underlying_data_table_1, and unzip all downloaded files. Files location: reproducibility_package/descriptive/underlying_data_table_1/gvc_output_WITS, gvc_output_WORLD, gvc-countries, gvc-sectors
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://wits.worldbank.org/faqs.html#Databases
    Data URL
    https://wits.worldbank.org/gvc/global-value-chains.html; https://wits.worldbank.org/gvc/gvc-data-download.html
    Citation
    Borin, A., Mancini, M., & Taglioni, D. (2025). Economic consequences of trade and global value chain integration: A measurement perspective. The World Bank Economic Review, 00(0), 1–24. Access Date: June 2026
    Name
    World Trade Organization (WTO) Data
    Note
    To download, follow the link below, select countries IDN, MYS, PHL, SGP, VNM, THA over 2022-2024: "Simple average MFN applied tariff – all products (Percent), indicator code TP_A_0010" and "Trade-weighted MFN applied tariff average – all products (Percent) indicator code TP_A_0010", and store them in descriptive/underlying_data_table_2. Files location: reproducibility_package/descriptive/underlying_data_table_2/WtoData_20260618235401.csv
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Copyright and permissions
    License URL
    https://www.wto.org/english/info_e/copyrights_permissions_e.htm
    Data URL
    https://data.wto.org/
    Citation
    World Trade Organization (WTO). 2026. World Trade Organization (WTO) Data [dataset]. https://data.wto.org/. Access date: June 2026.
    Name
    Global Database on Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs)
    Note
    To download directly from the source, a user can use the following link, choose Thailand from the dropdown menu, and write down the numbers for the Coverage Ratio and the Frequency Index. Repeat for Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and Singapore. Save to Excel file NTM_data in descriptive/underlying_data_table_2. Files location: reproducibility_package/descriptive/underlying_data_table_2/NTM_data
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO License (CC BY 3.0 IGO)
    License URL
    https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/About.html#PRIVACY
    Data URL
    https://unctad.org/topic/trade-analysis/non-tariff-measures/NTMs-data
    Citation
    UNCTAD. (2024). Making sense of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs): A user's guide to accessing and analysing the data (UNCTAD Guide). United Nations Publishing. https://unctad.org/topic/trade-analysis/non-tariff-measures/NTMs-data. Access Date: June 2026
    Name
    Logistics Performance Indicators (LPI) 2.0
    Note
    To download directly from the source. Download the complete files from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/LP.LPI.OVRL.XQ and https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/LP.LPI.CUST.XQ and store them in descriptive/underlying_data_table_2. Files location: reproducibility_package/descriptive/underlying_data_table_2/API_LP.LPI.CUST.XQ_DS2_en_excel_v2_249551, API_LP.LPI.OVRL.XQ_DS2_en_excel_v2_393930
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses#cc-by
    Data URL
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/LP.LPI.OVRL.XQ; https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/LP.LPI.CUST.XQ
    Citation
    World Bank. (2026). Connecting to Compete - Logistics Performance Index ( LPI ) [dataset]. https://data360.worldbank.org/en/int/dataset/WB_LPI_20. Access Date: June 2026
    Name
    Doing Business Archive
    Note
    This dataset has been discontinued. However, at the time of writing, no comparable alternative was available for the export clearance time indicator derived from it. To download from the source, follow the link below and place the data in the appropriate folder. Files location: reproducibility_package/descriptive/underlying_data_table_2/Trading across Borders.xlsx
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses#cc-by
    Data URL
    https://archive.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploretopics/trading-across-borders
    Citation
    World Bank. (2020). Doing Business 2020: Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies [dataset]. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://archive.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploretopics/trading-across-borders. Access Date: June 2026
    Data statement

    All data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    Openness And Productivity Reform: Lessons For Middle-Income Economies From Thailand And Other Asean
    Description
    Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Erhan Artuc World Bank eartuc@worldbank.org
    Ilena Cristina Neagu World Bank ineagu@worldbank.org
    Daria Taglioni World Bank dtaglioni@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2026-07-02

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    Thailand THA
    Keywords
    Trade Costs Productivity Global Value Chains Middle-Income Economies Asean Openness Regulatory Frictions
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    F11 Neoclassical Models of Trade F1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    F13 Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations F1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    F17 Trade Forecasting and Simulation F1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    O14 Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology O1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    O47 Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence O4 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    MIT License https://opensource.org/license/mit
    World Bank IGO Rider https://github.com/worldbank/metadata-editor/blob/main/WB-IGO-RIDER.md

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Erhan Artuc World Bank eartuc@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2026-07-02
    Document version

    1
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