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Reproducibility package for Crisis Credit, Employment Protection, Indebtedness, And Risk

2026
Reference ID
RR_CHL_2026_722
Author(s)
Sergio L. Schmukler, Federico Huneeus, Joseph P. Kaboski, Mauricio Larrain, Mario Vera
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Aug 13, 2026
Last modified
Aug 16, 2026
Page views
17
Downloads
3
  • Project Description
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  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
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  • Overview

    Abstract

    This paper studies how credit guarantee and employment protection programs interact in supporting firms during crises, using real and financial administrative data for all firms and a quantitative macroeconomic model. Low interest rates encourage riskier firms to demand government-backed loans, while banks tend to reject those applications. The credit demand outweighs this screening response, expanding indebtedness. Given the opportunity cost of shutting down, the employment program's take-up is unrelated to risk. The employment program mitigates the credit program expansion by supporting firms and enabling banks to screen them. Counterfactuals show how policy ingredients, including interest rate caps, limit macroeconomic risk.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Readme
    Link: https://reproducibility.worldbank.org/catalog/627/download/1866/README.pdf
    Reproducibility package for Crisis Credit, Employment Protection, Indebtedness, And Risk
    File name
    RR_CHL_2026_722
    Zip package
    RR_CHL_2026_722.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Crisis Credit, Employment Protection, Indebtedness, And Risk
    Date
    2026-08
    Dependencies
    Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Stata
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    19.5
    Excel
    Name
    Excel
    MatLab
    Name
    MatLab
    Version
    2024a

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise 25H2
    • Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz (2 processors)
    • Memory available: 16.0 GB
    • Software version: Stata MP 19.5, MATLAB 2024a

    Technology requirements

    Runtime: ~2 hours.

    Reproduction instructions

    The replication package is designed to run in three environments (Outside, BCCh (Central Bank of Chile), and CMF (Financial Market Commission of Chile)), selected automatically in Codes/0.Master do file from the computer's username. The BCCh and CMF environments run only inside the secure servers of the Central Bank of Chile and Chile's Financial Market Commission, respectively, where the confidential firm-level microdata reside and cannot be exported. The Outside environment is the one any reviewer can run on their own machine: it builds all public data from scratch and substitutes simulated placeholder data — generated with the same variable names, types, and structure as the confidential microdata — wherever the real data cannot leave the government servers. This lets the entire code base execute end to end and be checked for correctness outside the bank, even though outputs that depend on the confidential microdata will not numerically match the published results. Table 10 and Appendix Figure 6, which depend only on the calibrated quantitative model and no confidential data, are fully reproducible in the Outside environment.

    Steps:

    1. Set the local ${maindir} path in Codes/0.Master to the reviewer's local package location.
    2. Run Codes/0.Master in Stata (installs all Stata package dependencies, creates the Data/ and Output/ directory structure, and runs the Stata pipeline for the Outside environment on public and simulated data).
    3. Add Model/Tools/ to the MATLAB path — required for runcalibrate_TFP_v2.m.
    4. In MATLAB, run:
      • Model/runcalibrate_TFP_v2.m (calibration)
      • revision_aggregateimplications3_new_LABOR_w_choice_260609.m (policy counterfactuals)
      • revision_runme4_graphs_joe_fixedgrid_260609.m (Appendix Figure 6)
    5. Run Codes/2.Tables_Quantitative_Model.do in Stata to produce Table 10.

    Note: Since most of the data is restricted, the outputs created by the replicators and by the authors are included in the package. Portions of the data are stored only within the secure environments of the Chilean government (BCCh and CMF servers) and could not be run by the replicators. Logs provided by the authors were used to verify the corresponding exhibits. Please see the README for further details.

    Data

    Datasets
    Municipal and Populated-Area Shapefiles
    Name
    Municipal and Populated-Area Shapefiles
    Note
    Official shapefiles from the Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile (BCN) 'Mapas Vectoriales' portal: (i) 'Division comunal: poligonos de las comunas de Chile' (municipal polygons) and (ii) 'Areas urbanas de todo el territorio chileno' (populated/urban areas). Imported via shp2dta and processed in Codes/1.Databases_publicly_available.do into the .dta companions listed below; areas_coord.dta is reprojected from Web Mercator to WGS84 decimal degrees for use with the geocoded firm locations inside the CMF server. Used for the municipality crosswalk, the neighbor/adjacency construction underlying the dynamic-lockdown event study, the urban/rural classification, and mapping figures. File location: "Data/Raw/Public" (shapefiles), "Data/Raw" and "Data/Worked" (constructed companions). File names: comunas.shp, comunas.dbf, Areas_Pobladas.shp, Areas_Pobladas.dbf (raw); comunas.dta (Raw), comunas_coord.dta, comunas_neighbors.dta, areas_coord.dta (constructed in code); comunas.dta (Worked, CUT crosswalk, also transferred to the CMF server).
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en
    Data URL
    https://www.bcn.cl/siit/mapas_vectoriales
    Citation
    Library of the National Congress of Chile (BCN). n.d. Municipal and Populated-Area Shapefiles (Mapas Vectoriales: División Comunal y Áreas Urbanas de Chile) [dataset]. https://www.bcn.cl/siit/mapas_vectoriales. Accessed January 2021.
    Employment Protection Law Public Releases
    Name
    Employment Protection Law Public Releases
    Note
    Public firm-level Excel releases from Chile's Direccion del Trabajo recording take-up of the COVID-19 Employment Protection Law (Ley de Proteccion del Empleo): employment-contract suspensions (16 release dates, some split across multiple files) and agreed working-hours reductions (12 release dates), April-December 2020. Codes/1.Databases_publicly_available.do assembles them into the firm-level panels below, including datos_leyempleo_20201102_in.dta (transferred to the CMF server) and workers_total_aux.dta (firm-month panel with identifiers remapped to the simulated rut scale of the Outside pipeline). File location: "Data/Raw/Public" (Excel releases and firm panels), "Data/Raw" (workers_total_aux.dta), "Data/Worked" (datos_leyempleo_20201102_in.dta). File names: suspension_200430.xlsx ... suspension_201216-7.xlsx (30 files), reduccion_200430.xlsx ... reduccion_201216.xlsx (12 files); suspension_firm.dta, reduccion_firm.dta, workers_total_aux.dta, datos_leyempleo_20201102_in.dta (constructed in code).
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.dt.gob.cl
    Citation
    Chile's Labor Directorate. 2020. Employment Protection Law Public Releases (Estadísticas de la Ley de Protección del Empleo: suspensiones de contrato y reducciones de jornada).[dataset]. https://www.dt.gob.cl. Accessed January 2021.
    COVID-19 Municipal Lockdown Decrees
    Name
    COVID-19 Municipal Lockdown Decrees
    Note
    Daily municipality-level record of COVID-19 lockdown (cuarentena) mandates in Chile during 2020, from the Chilean Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia, Conocimiento e Innovacion's public COVID-19 open-data repository ('Producto 29'). The file was downloaded ready-to-use before the original repository went offline and is included as-is in the package, since it can no longer be re-downloaded from the original source (see the note in Codes/1.Databases_publicly_available.do). All weekly lockdown panels, the dynamic treatment/control assignment, and the event-time panels used in the paper (including the files transferred to the CMF server) are built from this file in Codes/1.Databases_publicly_available.do. File location: "Data/Worked". File names: data_cuarentenas.dta (raw source, downloaded as-is; downstream constructed panels documented in Data_Dictionary_BCCh_Outside.xlsx).
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Citation
    Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation of Chile. 2020. COVID-19 Municipal Lockdown Decrees [dataset]. Original open-data repository no longer online; file distributed as-is in this package. Accessed January 2021.
    Central Bank of Chile Public Statistics
    Name
    Central Bank of Chile Public Statistics
    Note
    Aggregate public statistics published by the Banco Central de Chile (BCCh) statistics portal: the monthly Monetary Policy Rate (Tasa de Politica Monetaria, 2012m1-2020m12, used to compute credit spreads), the monthly Unidad de Fomento value (2016m1-2020m12, used to convert peso amounts to UF for FOGAPE size brackets), the monthly observed CLP/USD exchange rate (2015m1-2020m12), and 2019 GDP at current prices. The three monthly series are transcribed into .dta files in Codes/1.Databases_raw.do from the published figures; the 2020 average exchange rate and 2019 GDP figures are used directly in the code. File location: "Data/Raw". File names: tpm_revised.dta, uf_revised.dta, usd_revised.dta (constructed in code from published figures).
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Central Bank of Chile Terms of Use
    License URL
    https://www.bcentral.cl/web/banco-central/condiciones-de-uso
    Data URL
    https://si3.bcentral.cl/siete
    Citation
    Central Bank of Chile. 2020. Central Bank of Chile Public Statistics [dataset]. https://si3.bcentral.cl. Accessed January 2021.
    Public Statistics Credit-Guarantee Program and Bank Capital (FOGAPE-COVID)
    Name
    Public Statistics Credit-Guarantee Program and Bank Capital (FOGAPE-COVID)
    Note
    Aggregate public statistics published by the Comision para el Mercado Financiero (CMF): total FOGAPE-COVID credit-program disbursements and aggregate 2020 bank capital. These are aggregate published figures used directly in the code (no microdata); no separate data file ships for this source. File location: values used directly in the Stata code (see "Codes"). File names: none (hardcoded aggregate figures).
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Financial Market Commission of Chile Terms of Use
    License URL
    https://www.cmfchile.cl/portal/principal/623/w4-article-1833.html
    Data URL
    https://www.cmfchile.cl
    Citation
    Financial Market Commission of Chile (CMF). 2020. Public Statistics Credit-Guarantee Program and Bank Capital (FOGAPE-COVID) [dataset]. https://www.cmfchile.cl. Accessed January 2021.
    Public Registry of Legal-Entity Taxpayers
    Name
    Public Registry of Legal-Entity Taxpayers
    Note
    Public registry of legal-entity taxpayers (Nomina de Personas Juridicas) published by Chile's Servicio de Impuestos Internos (SII), tax year 2020 vintage covering firm characteristics for 2018 and 2019: economic sector, taxpayer type, sales bracket, number of workers, and start of activities. Processed in Codes/1.Databases_publicly_available.do / Codes/1.Databases_raw.do into the firm-level panels below; in the shipped (Outside) version, firm identifiers are remapped to the simulated rut scale used by the Outside pipeline. File location: "Data/Raw/Public" (raw CSV), "Data/Worked" (constructed panels). File names: empresas_at2020.csv (raw); firmas_SII_18_19_revised.dta, firmas_SII_revised.dta (constructed in code).
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Chilean Internal Revenue Service Terms of Use
    License URL
    https://www.sii.cl/sobre_el_sii/terminos_sitio_web.html
    Data URL
    https://www.sii.cl/sobre_el_sii/nominapersonasjuridicas.html
    Citation
    Chilean Internal Revenue Service (SII). 2020. Public Registry of Legal-Entity Taxpayers [dataset]. https://www.sii.cl/sobre_el_sii/nominapersonasjuridicas.html. Accessed January 2021.
    Supervisory Report C11 - Commercial Portfolio Balances and Arrears
    Name
    Supervisory Report C11 - Commercial Portfolio Balances and Arrears
    Note
    Firm-bank-month panel of outstanding commercial loan balances and days past due, from the CMF's C11 supervisory return, accessed by the authors through the Banco Central de Chile's secure research environment under institutional research agreements. The confidential microdata cannot leave the BCCh; the package ships synthetic placeholder files with identical names, variables, and structure (generated in Codes/1.Databases_raw_simulation.do for 50,000 simulated firms) so the Outside pipeline runs end to end. Outputs built from the placeholders do not reproduce the paper's results. File location: "Data/Raw" (simulated placeholders included in the package; hashes in the data hash report correspond to the simulated files). File names: c11_revised.dta; expost_risk_by_rut_2019m1_revised.dta and expost_risk_by_rut_2020m5_revised.dta (firm-level ex-post default indicators derived from C11 in Codes/1.Databases_raw.do).
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.bcentral.cl
    Citation
    Financial Market Commission of Chile (CMF). 2016-2020. Supervisory Report C11 - Commercial Portfolio Balances and Arrears [dataset]. Confidential microdata obtained through the Central Bank of Chile's secure research environment. Accessed July 2025.
    Supervisory Report D32 - Commercial Loan Flows
    Name
    Supervisory Report D32 - Commercial Loan Flows
    Note
    Firm-month panel of new commercial loan originations (amount, currency, maturity, interest rate), from the CMF's D32 supervisory return (CMFDAT.dbo.D32), accessed by the authors through the Banco Central de Chile's secure research environment under institutional research agreements. The confidential microdata cannot leave the BCCh; the package ships a synthetic placeholder file with identical name, variables, and structure (generated in Codes/1.Databases_raw_simulation.do) so the Outside pipeline runs end to end. Outputs built from the placeholder do not reproduce the paper's results. File location: "Data/Raw" (simulated placeholder included in the package; hash in the data hash report corresponds to the simulated file). File names: d32_revised.dta.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.bcentral.cl
    Citation
    Financial Market Commission of Chile (CMF). 2012-2020. Supervisory Report D32 - Commercial Loan Flows [dataset]. Confidential microdata obtained through the Central Bank of Chile's secure research environment. Accessed July 2025.
    Supervisory Report D58 - FOGAPE-COVID Credit-Guarantee Disbursements
    Name
    Supervisory Report D58 - FOGAPE-COVID Credit-Guarantee Disbursements
    Note
    Firm-month panel of FOGAPE-COVID credit-guarantee amounts disbursed, from the CMF's D58 supervisory return (CMFDAT.dbo.D58), accessed by the authors through the Banco Central de Chile's secure research environment under institutional research agreements. The confidential microdata cannot leave the BCCh; the package ships synthetic placeholder files with identical names, variables, and structure (generated in Codes/1.Databases_raw_simulation.do) so the Outside pipeline runs end to end. Outputs built from the placeholders do not reproduce the paper's results. File location: "Data/Raw" (simulated placeholders included in the package; hashes in the data hash report correspond to the simulated files). File names: d58_revised.dta; d58_fecha_oper_revised.dta (firm-level date of first FOGAPE use, derived from D58 in Codes/1.Databases_raw.do).
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.bcentral.cl
    Citation
    Financial Market Commission of Chile (CMF). 2020. Supervisory Report D58 - FOGAPE-COVID Credit-Guarantee Disbursements [dataset]. Confidential microdata obtained through the Central Bank of Chile's secure research environment. Accessed July 2025.
    Supervisory Report E20 - FOGAPE-COVID Credit-Guarantee Applications
    Name
    Supervisory Report E20 - FOGAPE-COVID Credit-Guarantee Applications
    Note
    Firm-level records of FOGAPE-COVID credit-guarantee applications (first application, status, applied amount, and application indicators by window: April 2020, May 2020, June-December 2020), from the CMF's E20 supervisory return (CMFDAT.dbo.E20), accessed by the authors through the Banco Central de Chile's secure research environment under institutional research agreements. The confidential microdata cannot leave the BCCh; the package ships synthetic placeholder files with identical names, variables, and structure (generated in Codes/1.Databases_raw_simulation.do) so the Outside pipeline runs end to end. Outputs built from the placeholders do not reproduce the paper's results. File location: "Data/Raw" (simulated placeholders included in the package; hashes in the data hash report correspond to the simulated files). File names: e20_solicito_revised.dta, e20_solicito_part1_revised.dta, e20_solicito_part2_revised.dta, e20_solicito_part3_revised.dta.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.bcentral.cl
    Citation
    Financial Market Commission of Chile (CMF). 2020. Supervisory Report E20 - FOGAPE-COVID Credit-Guarantee Applications [dataset]. Confidential microdata obtained through the Central Bank of Chile's secure research environment. Accessed July 2025.
    Formulario 29 - Monthly VAT Returns
    Name
    Formulario 29 - Monthly VAT Returns
    Note
    Firm-month panel of sales and material costs reported in Chile's monthly VAT return (Formulario 29), from the Servicio de Impuestos Internos (SII), accessed by the authors through the Banco Central de Chile's secure research environment under institutional research agreements. The confidential microdata cannot leave the BCCh; the package ships synthetic placeholder files with identical names, variables, and structure (generated in Codes/1.Databases_raw_simulation.do) so the Outside pipeline runs end to end. Outputs built from the placeholders do not reproduce the paper's results. File location: "Data/Raw" (simulated placeholders included in the package; hashes in the data hash report correspond to the simulated files); "Data/Worked" (f29_comunas_revised.dta). File names: f29_revised.dta; f29_2017-2019_revised.dta (firm-level annual sales 2016-2019, derived from F29 in Codes/1.Databases_raw.do); f29_comunas_revised.dta (firm-to-municipality crosswalk derived from F29 in Codes/1.Databases_raw.do).
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.bcentral.cl
    Citation
    Chilean Internal Revenue Service (SII). 2016-2020. Formulario 29 - Monthly VAT Returns [dataset]. Confidential microdata obtained through the Central Bank of Chile's secure research environment. Accessed August 2025.
    Form 1887 - Withheld Wages and Workers
    Name
    Form 1887 - Withheld Wages and Workers
    Note
    Firm-year panels of the number of dependent workers and of the annual wage bill (2017-2020), from the SII's sworn statement on withheld wages (Formulario 1887), accessed by the authors through the Banco Central de Chile's secure research environment under institutional research agreements. The confidential microdata cannot leave the BCCh; the package ships synthetic placeholder files with identical names, variables, and structure (generated in Codes/1.Databases_raw_simulation.do) so the Outside pipeline runs end to end. Outputs built from the placeholders do not reproduce the paper's results. File location: "Data/Raw" (simulated placeholders included in the package; hashes in the data hash report correspond to the simulated files). File names: f29_workers_revised.dta, wage_bill_anual_revised.dta.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.bcentral.cl
    Citation
    Chilean Internal Revenue Service (SII). 2017-2020. Form 1887 - Withheld Wages and Workers [dataset]. Confidential microdata obtained through the Central Bank of Chile's secure research environment. Accessed August 2025.
    Form 22 - Annual Income Tax Returns
    Name
    Form 22 - Annual Income Tax Returns
    Note
    Firm-year panel of net worth, assets, wage bill, and capital (2016-2020), from the SII's annual income tax return (Formulario 22), accessed by the authors through the Banco Central de Chile's secure research environment under institutional research agreements. The confidential microdata cannot leave the BCCh; the package ships synthetic placeholder files with identical names, variables, and structure (generated in Codes/1.Databases_raw_simulation.do) so the Outside pipeline runs end to end. Outputs built from the placeholders do not reproduce the paper's results. File location: "Data/Raw" (simulated placeholders included in the package; hashes in the data hash report correspond to the simulated files). File names: net_worth_revised.dta, net_worth_wide_revised.dta.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.bcentral.cl
    Citation
    Chilean Internal Revenue Service (SII). 2016-2020. Form 22 - Annual Income Tax Returns [dataset]. Confidential microdata obtained through the Central Bank of Chile's secure research environment. Accessed August 2025.
    Economic-Sector Classification
    Name
    Economic-Sector Classification
    Note
    Firm-level economic-sector classification (CAE, Clasificador de Actividades Economicas), from the SII's RUT/sector registry, accessed by the authors through the Banco Central de Chile's secure research environment under institutional research agreements. This SII source was discontinued within the BCCh server after construction; the dataset is used as-is downstream. The confidential microdata cannot leave the BCCh; the package ships a synthetic placeholder file with identical name, variables, and structure (generated in Codes/1.Databases_raw_simulation.do) so the Outside pipeline runs end to end. Outputs built from the placeholder do not reproduce the paper's results. File location: "Data/Raw" (simulated placeholder included in the package; hash in the data hash report corresponds to the simulated file). File names: cae.dta.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.bcentral.cl
    Citation
    Chilean Internal Revenue Service (SII). 2016-2020. CAE Economic-Sector Classification (RUT/sector registry) [dataset]. Confidential microdata obtained through the Central Bank of Chile's secure research environment. Accessed August 2025.
    Supervisory Report D32 - Commercial Loan Flows
    Name
    Supervisory Report D32 - Commercial Loan Flows
    Note
    Two firm-bank level extracts of the CMF's D32 supervisory return (Colocaciones Comerciales / commercial loan flows) used exclusively inside the CMF server for Table 4, Appendix Table 16, and Appendix Table 17: a 2019 vintage (pre-pandemic baseline flows and interest-rate spreads) and a January-October 2020 vintage (pandemic-period credit-flow outcomes). This is a separate, non-overlapping set of extracts from the D32 data accessed through the BCCh (see the corresponding via-BCCh entry). The extracts exist only inside the CMF secure server, cannot be exported or reproduced with simulated data, and are not provided in the package. File location: CMF secure server only ("exportsCMF" directory; see Readme/README_CMF.tex). File names: d32_comercial_2019_in.dta, d32_comercial_20200101-20201030_in.dta. Not in the data hash report: these files exist only inside the CMF secure server and could not be hashed; they are registered here for completeness.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.cmfchile.cl
    Citation
    Financial Market Commission of Chile (CMF). 2019-2020. Supervisory Report D32 - Commercial Loan Flows [dataset]. Confidential microdata accessed inside the CMF's secure computing environment. Accessed July 2025.
    Supervisory Reports D58 and E20 - FOGAPE-COVID Credit-Guarantee Applications and Disbursements
    Name
    Supervisory Reports D58 and E20 - FOGAPE-COVID Credit-Guarantee Applications and Disbursements
    Note
    Firm-bank level record of FOGAPE-COVID credit-guarantee program applications, status, and amounts granted for operations disbursed May-September 2020, combining the CMF's D58 and E20 supervisory returns, used exclusively inside the CMF server for Table 4, Appendix Table 16, and Appendix Table 17. This is a separate, non-overlapping extract from the D58/E20 data accessed through the BCCh (see the corresponding via-BCCh entries). The extract exists only inside the CMF secure server, cannot be exported or reproduced with simulated data, and is not provided in the package. File location: CMF secure server only ("exportsCMF" directory; see Readme/README_CMF.tex). File names: d58_r1_tempcrucee20_202005-202009_20201023_in.dta. Not in the data hash report: this file exists only inside the CMF secure server and could not be hashed; it is registered here for completeness.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.cmfchile.cl
    Citation
    Financial Market Commission of Chile (CMF). 2020. Supervisory Reports D58 and E20 - FOGAPE-COVID Credit-Guarantee Applications and Disbursements [dataset]. Confidential microdata accessed inside the CMF's secure computing environment. Accessed July 2025.
    Supervisory Reports D10, D03, and C11 - Combined Credit-Registry Extract
    Name
    Supervisory Reports D10, D03, and C11 - Combined Credit-Registry Extract
    Note
    Combined firm-bank level extract merging the CMF's supervisory reports D10 (credit stock), D03 (borrower balance-sheet and identification data reported by banks), and C11 (loan portfolio and days-past-due arrears), as of around July 2020, used exclusively inside the CMF server as the credit-registry baseline for Table 4, Appendix Table 16, and Appendix Table 17. The extract exists only inside the CMF secure server, cannot be exported or reproduced with simulated data, and is not provided in the package. File location: CMF secure server only ("exportsCMF" directory; see Readme/README_CMF.tex). File names: d10_comer_d03_garantia_c11_in.dta. Not in the data hash report: this file exists only inside the CMF secure server and could not be hashed; it is registered here for completeness.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.cmfchile.cl
    Citation
    Financial Market Commission of Chile (CMF). 2020. Supervisory Reports D10, D03, and C11 - Combined Credit-Registry Extract [dataset]. Confidential microdata accessed inside the CMF's secure computing environment. Accessed July 2025.
    Firm Registry with Geocoded Addresses
    Name
    Firm Registry with Geocoded Addresses
    Note
    Confidential firm registry (Personas Juridicas) obtained by the CMF from the SII for tax year 2018, containing firm-level sales bracket, economic sector, number of employees, incorporation/closure dates, tax/legal status, and address; used exclusively inside the CMF server for Table 4, Appendix Table 16, and Appendix Table 17. From this registry, firms_dist_non_weird_merge.dta is built inside the CMF server (geocoded addresses via the OpenCage API, own and nearest-neighboring municipality across the lockdown boundary, and driving distance/time to that neighbor; see the header of Codes/1.Databases_CMF.do). Both files are confidential, exist only inside the CMF secure server, and are not provided in the package. File location: CMF secure server only (see Readme/README_CMF.tex). File names: datospjurid_sii_2018_in_v1.dta; firms_dist_non_weird_merge.dta (constructed inside the CMF server from this registry). Not in the data hash report: these files exist only inside the CMF secure server and could not be hashed; they are registered here for completeness.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.sii.cl
    Citation
    Servicio de Impuestos Internos (SII). 2018. Firm Registry with Geocoded Addresses, Tax Year 2018 [dataset]. Confidential microdata obtained through the CMF's secure computing environment. Accessed July 2025.
    Internal debt-coverage indicator, firms with bank debt above CLP 50 million
    Name
    Internal debt-coverage indicator, firms with bank debt above CLP 50 million
    Note
    CMF-internal firm-level indicator flagging firms with total bank debt exposure above CLP 50 million, used inside the CMF server as a reporting-coverage/materiality threshold to restrict the estimation sample for Table 4, Appendix Table 16, and Appendix Table 17. The file exists only inside the CMF secure server and is not provided in the package. File location: CMF secure server only (see Readme/README_CMF.tex). File names: sobre_50millones.dta. Not in the data hash report: this file exists only inside the CMF secure server and could not be hashed; it is registered here for completeness.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.cmfchile.cl
    Citation
    Financial Market Commission of Chile (CMF). 2020. Internal debt-coverage indicator, firms with bank debt above CLP 50 million [dataset]. Confidential internal data accessed inside the CMF's secure computing environment. Accessed July 2025.
    Monthly Aggregate Credit Series
    Name
    Monthly Aggregate Credit Series
    Note
    Monthly aggregate statistics underlying three panels of Figure 2 ('Credit Granted and Outstanding Corporate Debt'), computed on confidential CMF microdata: the C11 report (commercial-portfolio credit balances by RUT, matched to the SII legal-entity registry to classify Mega Empresas) and the C50 report (FOGAPE-COVID guaranteed credit balances by RUT). Because the computation collapses to twelve monthly aggregate figures per series, co-author Mario Vera computed them directly on the CMF's confidential systems and the resulting aggregates are hardcoded in Codes/1.5.Databases_worked.do (see the Source and Description comments above the Figure 2 blocks). Figure 2 is therefore reproducible in the Outside or BCCh environment without CMF access, while the underlying RUT-level C11/C50 extracts remain confidential and are not provided. File location: aggregate values hardcoded in "Codes/1.5.Databases_worked.do"; underlying microdata on the CMF secure server only. File names: none (hardcoded aggregates); underlying confidential extracts not in the data hash report because they exist only inside the CMF secure server.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.cmfchile.cl
    Citation
    Authors' compilation. 2026. Monthly Aggregate Credit Series [dataset]. Based on Financial Market Commission of Chile supervisory reports C11 and C50 and the Chilean Internal Revenue Service legal-entity registry, computed on the CMF's confidential systems. Accessed July 2025.
    Data statement

    Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Crisis Credit, Employment Protection, Indebtedness, And Risk
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    Crisis Credit, Employment Protection, Indebtedness, And Risk
    Description
    Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Sergio L. Schmukler World Bank sschmukler@worldbank.org
    Federico Huneeus Duke University & Central Bank of Chile federico.huneeus@duke.edu
    Joseph P. Kaboski University of Notre Dame jkaboski@nd.edu
    Mauricio Larrain University of los Andes, Chile mlarraine@uandes.cl
    Mario Vera Financial Market Commission of Chile mavera@cmfchile.cl
    Date of production

    2026-08-13

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    Chile CHL
    Keywords
    Banking Credit Demand Credit Supply Crises Covid-19 Debt Employment Protection Firm Risk Macroeconomic Risk Public Credit Guarantees
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    G21 Banks • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages G2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    G28 Government Policy and Regulation G2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    G32 Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill G3 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    G33 Bankruptcy • Liquidation G3 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    G38 Government Policy and Regulation G3 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    I18 Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health I1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    MIT License https://opensource.org/license/mit
    World Bank IGO Rider https://github.com/worldbank/metadata-editor/blob/main/WB-IGO-RIDER.md

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Sergio L. Schmukler World Bank sschmukler@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2026-08-13

    Document version

    1

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