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Reproducibility package for People, Jobs, And Places: A Spatial Analysis Of Welfare Disparities In Low- And Middle-Income Countries

2026
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Reference ID
FR_WLD_2026_682
Author(s)
Nga Thi Viet Nguyen, Henry Stemmler, Eduard Bukin, Ben James Brunckhorst
Collections
Flagships and Reports
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Created on
Aug 25, 2026
Last modified
Aug 25, 2026
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  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata

    • Overview

    Abstract

    Spatial disparities in welfare are pervasive across low- and middle-income countries, with important implications for the targeting and design of policies spanning human capital investment, infrastructure development, industrial policy, and migration — yet their drivers remain poorly understood, in part due to data and methodological constraints that limit the application of frameworks developed for high-income country contexts. This paper develops and applies an empirical framework adapted to these settings, combining a modified two-stage approach following Combes, Duranton, and Gobillon (2008) to estimate and explain location fixed effects with a variance decomposition following Gibbons, Overman, and Pelkonen (2014) to quantify the relative contributions of worker characteristics, industry composition, local endowments, and unexplained place effects to spatial welfare inequality. The framework draws on geocoded household surveys and globally consistent geospatial datasets, and is applied to Ecuador and Mali as initial country case studies — selected on the basis of active country dialogue on spatial and distributional issues, the availability of suitable household survey and geospatial data, and coverage across regions and income levels. The framework is designed as a scalable, replicable tool for spatial welfare analysis across low- and middle-income country contexts.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    File name
    FR_WLD_2026_682
    Zip package
    FR_WLD_2026_682.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for People, Jobs, And Places: A Spatial Analysis Of Welfare Disparities In Low- And Middle-Income Countries
    Date
    2026-08
    Dependencies
    R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    R
    Version
    4.5.1

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
    • Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz
    • Memory available: 32.0 GB
    Technology requirements

    Runtime: ~2 hours.
    Reproduction instructions

    To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:

    1. Secure Access to Data: Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.
    2. Run the Package:
    • Open the R project spat-disp-insight-main/spat-disp-insight-main.Rproj.
    • Restore the environment by running renv::restore() and following the prompts.
    • Specify the path to data folder by defining the fldr_dta_root in the line 110 of spat-disp-insight-main/vignettes/01-setup.R
    • Get access to the Data LibWeb following the instructions in the README. DLW access is restricted to World Bank Group staff and consultants with a valid WB network account. Contact the data-access contacts listed in the README for alternative arrangements.
    • Run spat-disp-insight-main/vignettes/00-master.R.

    Since not all the original data can be redistributed, the package includes the outputs produced by the authors, which can be used to review the results presented in the paper.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    Global Monitoring Data — Mali
    Note
    Source: World Bank Global Monitoring Database (GMD), downloaded by the code via the DataLibWeb R package. Accessible only for World Bank staff. Survey years: 2018 and 2021. Access date: Data was downloaded by the code on July 7, 2026. File location: "data/raw/gmd_*/"
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.
    License
    Custom license
    Citation
    SSATSD (2026). GMD Ex-post Harmonization. Countries/Survey IDs: Mali 2018; Mali 2021. As of 07/07/2026 via datalibweb R Package.
    Name
    Mali Harmonized Survey on Households Living Standards (EHCVM - Enquête Harmonisée sur le Conditions de Vie des Ménages)
    Note
    Source: Mali Statistics Office. The version used is a harmonized version produced by the World Bank country team confidentially shared by the Poverty Economist of Mali. Please contact Johannes Hoogeveen (jhoogeveen@worldbank.org) for access to the datasets. Year: 2021. Access date: November 14, 2025. File location: "spat-disp-insight-data/MLI/private/" File names: "ehcvm_menage_MLI2021.dta"; "s19_me_MLI2021.dta"; "s05_me_MLI2021.dta"; "s13_2_me_MLI2021.dta"; "s15_me_MLI2021.dta".
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom license
    Citation
    Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT), Mali. Enquête Harmonisée sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages- EHCVM, Mali 2021 [dataset]. Accessed November 14, 2025.
    Name
    Enterprise Census Data (Recensement général des unités économiques - RGUE) - Mali
    Note
    Source: Mali Statistics Office. The version used was shared by the Poverty Economist of Mali. Please contact Johannes Hoogeveen (jhoogeveen@worldbank.org) for access to the datasets. Access date: February 10, 2026. File location: "spat-disp-insight-data/MLI/private/Enterprise census/" File name: "QG_M2a_Global.sav"
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom license
    Citation
    Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT), Mali. Recensement général des unités économiques [dataset]. Accessed February 10, 2026.
    Name
    Mali age and sex structures 2020
    Note
    Source: WorldPop Open Spatial Demographic Data and Research. Year: 2020. Access date: Data included was downloaded by the code on July 7, 2026. File location: "spat-disp-insight-main/data/raw/MLI/worldpop/". File names: 20 .tif files following the pattern mli_{sex}_{age}_2020_constrained_UNadj.tif (10 age bands 15–60, male and female).
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
    License URL
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
    Data URL
    https://data.worldpop.org/GIS/AgeSex_structures/Global_2000_2020_Constrained_UNadj
    Citation
    Bondarenko M., Kerr D., Sorichetta A., and Tatem, A.J. 2020. Estimates of total number of people per grid square, adjusted to match the corresponding UNPD 2020 estimates and broken down by gender and age groupings, produced using Ecopia.AI and Maxar Technologies building footprints. WorldPop, University of Southampton, UK. doi:10.5258/SOTON/WP00699
    Name
    Global Human Settlement Layer – Built-up Surface (GHS-BUILT-S)
    Note
    Source: Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission. Accessed in-memory via GDAL virtual file system (/vsizip//vsicurl/). The raster is streamed directly — no file is downloaded or saved to disk. Access date: June 10, 2026. File name: "GHS_WUP_BUILT_S_E2020_GLOBE_R2025A_4326_30ss_V1-0.tif"
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package due to file size constraints.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_WUP_BUILT_S_GLOBE_R2025A/
    Citation
    Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission. Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) R2025A — Built-up Surface (GHS-BUILT-S), 2020 [dataset]. https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/GHSL/GHS_WUP_BUILT_S_GLOBE_R2025A/. Accessed June 10, 2026.
    Name
    Mali - Administrative boundaries (levels 1-3)
    Note
    Source: Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX). Access year: 2026. File location: "spat-disp-insight-data/MLI/mli_adm_1m_dnct_2021_shp/"
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution International (CC-BY)
    License URL
    https://docs.humdata.org/about/data-licenses
    Data URL
    https://data.humdata.org/dataset/mali-admin-boundaries-level-1-2-and-3-including-2017-population-desagregated-by-sexe
    Citation
    Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX). Mali - Administrative boundaries (levels 1-3) with population figures. [dataset]. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/mali-admin-boundaries-level-1-2-and-3-including-2017-population-desagregated-by-sexe. Accessed 2026.
    Name
    Agro-Ecological Zones shapefile (GAEZ)
    Note
    Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Global Agro-Ecological Zones (GAEZ) Portal. Access date: February 10, 2026. File location: "spat-disp-insight-data/MLI/agrizones/" File name: "_Zones_Agroclimatiques_WGS84.shp"
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom license
    License URL
    https://gaez.fao.org/pages/disclaimer
    Data URL
    https://gaez.fao.org/datasets/-zones-agroclimatiques-de-mali
    Citation
    Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Global Agro-Ecological Zones (GAEZ) shapefile — Zones Agro-climatiques, Mali [dataset]. https://gaez.fao.org/datasets/-zones-agroclimatiques-de-mali. Accessed February 10, 2026.
    Name
    World Bank country classifications
    Note
    Source: World Bank, Global Poverty & Inequality Data team (GPID). Access year: 2026. File name: "CLASS.dta"
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://github.com/GPID-WB/Class/blob/master/OutputData/CLASS.dta
    Citation
    Global Poverty and Inequality Data Lab (GPID), World Bank. (2026). CLASS [Dataset]. Available at: https://github.com/GPID-WB/Class/blob/master/OutputData/CLASS.dta. Accessed in 2026.
    Name
    Ecuador Annual National Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo – ENEMDU)
    Note
    Source: Ecuador National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos – INEC). The version used is a harmonized version produced by the World Bank country team and confidentially shared by the Poverty Economist of Ecuador. Please contact Gustavo Javier Canavire Bacarreza gcanavire@worldbank.org for access to the datasets. Years: 2016–2024. Access year: December 2025. File location: "spat-disp-insight-data/ECU/hh-dta/part-0.parquet"
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom license
    Citation
    Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC), Ecuador. Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (ENEMDU), Ecuador 2016–2024 [dataset]. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/enemdu-anual/. Accessed December 2025.
    Name
    Ecuador Administrative Subnational Data on Production, Consumption and Taxes
    Note
    Source: Data is a product of harmonization made by the country team and is not publicly available. Data was confidentially shared by the Poverty Economist of Ecuador. Please contact Gustavo Javier Canavire Bacarreza gcanavire@worldbank.org for access to the datasets. Years: 2017–2023. Access year: December 2025. File location: "spat-disp-insight-data/ECU/prod-cons-dta/part-0.parquet", "spat-disp-insight-data/ECU/tax-dta/part-0.parquet"
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom license
    Name
    Ecuador Population and Housing Census (Censo de Población y Vivienda – CPV)
    Note
    Source: Ecuador National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos – INEC). The version used was confidentially shared by the Poverty Economist of Ecuador. Please contact Gustavo Javier Canavire Bacarreza gcanavire@worldbank.org for access to the datasets. Years: 2001, 2010, and 2022. Access year: February 2026. File location (2001): "spat-disp-insight-data/ECU/Censos/BBD_CPV_2001_NACIONAL_CON_CORRESP_2022_SPSS/CPV_2001_poblacion_Nacional_corresp2022.sav" File location (2010): "spat-disp-insight-data/ECU/Censos/BBD_CPV_2010_NACIONAL_CON_CORRESP_2022_SPSS/CPV_2010_poblacion_Nacional_corresp2022.sav" File location (2022): "spat-disp-insight-data/ECU/Censos/BDD_CPV2022_SECTOR_SAV/BDD_CPV2022_SECTOR_SAV/CPV_Población_2022_Nacional_Sector.sav"
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Citation
    INEC. (2001, 2010, 2022). Censo de Población y Vivienda — CPV [dataset]. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/. Accessed February 2026.
    Name
    Ecuador Administrative Boundaries
    Note
    Source: Ecuador National Electoral Council (Consejo Nacional Electoral – CNE). The version used was confidentially shared by the Poverty Economist of Ecuador. Please contact Gustavo Javier Canavire Bacarreza gcanavire@worldbank.org for access to the datasets. Access year: February 2026. File location 1: "spat-disp-insight-data/ECU/LIMITE_PARROQUIAL_CONALI_CNE_2022/LIMITE_PARROQUIAL_CONALI_CNE_2022.shp" File location 2: "spat-disp-insight-data/ECU/Shapefile CNE - Ecuador/sector_censal_parr/sector_censal_parr.shp"
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Citation
    Consejo Nacional Electoral (CNE). 2022. Ecuador Administrative Boundary Shapefiles — CONALI 2022 [dataset]. CNE. https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=48b3a76be08e4eb8b2bbae542fb04da9. Accessed February 2026.
    Name
    H3 Hexagon-Level Zonal Statistics for Ecuador
    Note
    Source: World Bank Data Library Web (DLW), Global Monitoring Database (GMD). Data is only available for GMD developers. Access date: February 2026. File location: "spat-disp-insight-data/ECU/h3-ecu-dta/part-0.parquet"
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom license
    Citation
    LACTSD (2026). GMD H3 Hexagon-Level Zonal Statistics for Ecuador. Countries/Survey IDs: Ecuador 2026. As of February 2026.
    Data statement

    Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, refer to the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Flagship & Reports
    Title
    People, Jobs, And Places: A Spatial Analysis Of Welfare Disparities In Low- And Middle-Income Countries
    Description
    World Bank Reports & Flagship
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Nga Thi Viet Nguyen World Bank nnguyen3@worldbank.org
    Henry Stemmler World Bank hstemmler@worldbank.org
    Eduard Bukin World Bank ebukin@worldbank.org
    Ben James Brunckhorst World Bank bbrunckhorst@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2026-08-19

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    World WLD
    Keywords
    Spatial Disparities Poverty Income Labor Market Industry

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    MIT License https://opensource.org/license/mit
    World Bank IGO Rider https://github.com/worldbank/metadata-editor/blob/main/WB-IGO-RIDER.md

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Nga Thi Viet Nguyen World Bank nnguyen3@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2026-08-19
    Document version

    1
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