Home / Repository / PP_TCD_2026_777
central

Reproducibility package for Impacts and Spillovers of a Low-Cost Multifaceted Economic Inclusion Program

2026
Get Reproducibility Package
Reference ID
PP_TCD_2026_777
Author(s)
Patrick Premand, Pascale Schnitzer
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Oct 23, 2026
Last modified
Oct 23, 2026
Page views
15
Downloads
1
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata

    • Overview

    Abstract

    Governments are increasingly adopting the graduation model to improve the income-generating activities of populations in extreme poverty. This paper analyzes the direct effects and local spillovers of a low-cost multifaceted economic inclusion program through an RCT in Chad. The intervention included savings group promotion, micro-entrepreneurship training, and a lump-sum cash grant delivered to poor female beneficiaries of a regular cash transfer program. It was designed to address multiple constraints to productivity and livelihoods, but at a much lower cost (approximately $104 per household) than most stand-alone graduation programs. The results show substantial impacts on food consumption 18 months post-intervention. A reallocation of labor between economic activities is observed, along with higher revenues from agriculture and off-farm micro-enterprises. The intervention improved women's empowerment and some dimensions of social well-being. There are positive local spillovers, with improvements in food consumption and economic activities among households that were not assigned to the economic inclusion program in targeted villages. The results are consistent with the intervention improving saving mechanisms as well as demand-side effects in a setting with weakly integrated markets. Accounting for spillovers makes the program highly cost-effective.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    File name
    PP_TCD_2026_777
    Zip package
    PP_TCD_2026_777.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Impacts and Spillovers of a Low-Cost Multifaceted Economic Inclusion Program
    Date
    2026-10
    Dependencies
    Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    18.5 MP
    Name
    Excel

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:

    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
    • Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90 GHz (2 processors)
    • Memory available: 16.0 GB
    • Software version: Stata 18.5 MP
    Technology requirements

    Run time: approximately 30 minutes
    Reproduction instructions

    To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:

    1. Secure Access to Data: request the baseline (2018) and follow-up (2021) survey data from the World Bank Microdata Library (licensed access) and place the files under Data/ as listed in the Datasets section.
    2. Run the Package: set the global package_dir on line 22 of Analysis/Do/MASTER_CHAD.do to the location where you saved the reproducibility folder, and run MASTER_CHAD.do. Outputs are saved in the Analysis/Output folder. If running programs individually, note that order is important.

    Critical notes:

    • Excel is used once by a Stata script through a VBS script to compute the internal rate of return (IRR Excel function) during the cost-benefit analysis. Before running the code, enable Trust Access to the VBA Project Object Model: (1) Open Excel. (2) Go to File > Options > Trust Center > Trust Center Settings. (3) In the Trust Center window, select Macro Settings. (4) Check the box for Trust access to the VBA project object model. (5) Click OK to save and close the settings.
    • To facilitate the replication process, tables.tex (which contains all the tables) and the corresponding PDF are included in the Analysis/Output folder.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    Adaptive Social Protection Program Productive Inclusion 2018
    Note
    Household survey data collected by the study authors during the baseline round of the impact evaluation of a low-cost multi-faceted economic inclusion program in Chad, conducted in 2018. Data accessed in October 2026. The data are available under licensed access from the World Bank Microdata Library and are not included in the reproducibility package; data_hash_report.csv lists the SHA256 hash of each file. All data files were edited and anonymized by the authors for public distribution. Household GPS coordinates were removed because they constitute personally identifiable information and were replaced with simulated data; as a result, Table A4, which uses GPS coordinates to compute distances between villages, displays different results from the paper. The baseline survey is stored as one main household-level file and 28 section-level files covering agriculture (plots and crops for the rainy and dry seasons), household and agricultural assets, employment and wage conditions, finance (credit, other savings and tontines), food consumption, non-food consumption, livestock, the household roster and members, non-agricultural businesses, program participation, the social module, and transfers. The files are prepared by the scripts in Analysis/Do/01_prepare (called by Analysis/Do/01_prepare.do), cleaned and used to construct outcomes by the scripts in Analysis/Do/02_cleaning (called by Analysis/Do/02_cleaning.do), combined into a single baseline dataset by Analysis/Do/03_construct.do, and merged with the follow-up data by Analysis/Do/04_merge_phases.do. The baseline data are used for the regression controls, the balance and attrition tables (Analysis/Do/06_balance_and_attrition.do), and the cost-benefit analysis. File location: tchad_ie_baseline9.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_cropsdry1-rpt_plotdry.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_cropsdry2-rpt_dcrops2.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_cropsrain1-rpt_plotrain.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_cropsrain2-rpt_rcrops2.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_plot-rpt_plots.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_assets-rpt_ag_ass.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_assets-rpt_hh_ass.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_emploi-rpt_empl.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_emploi-rpt_wrk.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_finance-part_credit-rpt_cred.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_finance-part_othersave-gp_savemoreinfo.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_finance-part_tontines-rpt_ton.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_foodconsumption-rpt_consum1.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_foodconsumption-rpt_consum2.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_livestock-rpt_ani1.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_members-rpt_mem2.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_na-gp_bus2-rpt_bus2.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_na-rpt_bus1.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_nfconsumption-gp_cel-rpt_cel1.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_nfconsumption-gp_cel-rpt_cel2.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_nfconsumption-gp_nonfood-rpt_nonfood.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_programs-rpt_prog.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_roster-rpt_mem.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_social-rpt_conf.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_transfers-rpt_trans.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_drykeycond-rpt_dcrops.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_empl_cond-rpt_sal.dta, and tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_rainkeycond-rpt_rcrops.dta in Baseline/02_deduplicated_deidentified. The baseline study also includes the proxy-means-test targeting file and the village list used to build the experimental design (Analysis/Do/01_prepare/00_clean_rand_strata.do). File location: PMT_DATA_HH_FINAL_revisedv2.dta in Baseline/pmt and all_villages.dta in Baseline/pop.
    Access policy
    Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom license
    License URL
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/catalog/6644/get-microdata
    Data URL
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/catalog/6644
    Citation
    Premand, Patrick, and Pascale Schnitzer. 2018. "Adaptive Social Protection Program Productive Inclusion 2018" [dataset]. World Bank Microdata Library. https://microdata.worldbank.org/catalog/6644.
    Name
    Adaptive Social Protection Program Productive Inclusion 2021
    Note
    Household survey data collected by the study authors during the follow-up round of the impact evaluation of a low-cost multi-faceted economic inclusion program in Chad, conducted in 2021. Data accessed in October 2026. The data are available under licensed access from the World Bank Microdata Library and are not included in the reproducibility package; data_hash_report.csv lists the SHA256 hash of each file. All data files were edited and anonymized by the authors for public distribution. Household GPS coordinates were removed because they constitute personally identifiable information and were replaced with simulated data; as a result, Table A4, which uses GPS coordinates to compute distances between villages, displays different results from the paper. The follow-up survey is stored as one main household-level file and 27 section-level files covering agriculture (rainy-season plots and crops), household and agricultural assets, cash transfers (purchase types and transfers sent), employment and wage conditions (including a separate module for the household head), finance (credit, other savings and savings groups), food consumption, non-food consumption, housing improvements, livestock, the household roster and members, non-agricultural businesses, program participation, shocks, and transfers. The files are prepared by the scripts in Analysis/Do/01_prepare (called by Analysis/Do/01_prepare.do), cleaned and used to construct outcomes by the scripts in Analysis/Do/02_cleaning (called by Analysis/Do/02_cleaning.do), combined into a single follow-up dataset by Analysis/Do/03_construct.do, and merged with the baseline data by Analysis/Do/04_merge_phases.do. The follow-up outcomes are used in the regression tables generated by Analysis/Do/05_regs.do and in the cost-benefit analysis generated by Analysis/Do/07_cba.do. File location: tchad_ie follow-up 1_deid.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_cropsrain1-rpt_plotrain.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_cropsrain2-rpt_rcrops2.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_plots-rpt_plots.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_assets-rpt_ag_ass.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_assets-rpt_hh_ass.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_cashtrans-rpt_buytypes.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_cashtrans-rpt_trans_send.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_emploi_chef-gp_empl_cond_chef-rpt_sal_chef.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_emploi-gp_empl_cond-rpt_sal.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_finance-part_credit-rpt_cred.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_finance-part_othersave-gp_savemoreinfo.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_finance-part_savgroup-rpt_ton.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_foodconsumption-rpt_consum1.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_foodconsumption-rpt_consum2.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_housing-r_improve.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_livestock-r_four.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_livestock-rpt_ani1.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_members-rpt_mem2.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_na-gp_bus2-rpt_bus2.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_nfconsumption-gp_cel-rpt_cel1.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_nfconsumption-gp_cel-rpt_cel2.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_nfconsumption-gp_nonfood-rpt_nonfood.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_programs-rpt_prog.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_roster-rpt_mem.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_shocks-rpt_shocks2.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_transfers-rpt_trans.dta, and tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_rainkeycond-rpt_rcrops.dta in Followup/02_deduplicated_deidentified
    Access policy
    Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom license
    License URL
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/catalog/6645/get-microdata
    Data URL
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/catalog/6645
    Citation
    Premand, Patrick, and Pascale Schnitzer. 2021. "Adaptive Social Protection Program Productive Inclusion 2021" [dataset]. World Bank Microdata Library. https://microdata.worldbank.org/catalog/6645.
    Data statement

    The reproducibility package relies on one type of data: limited-access. For the source, access type, file location, and citation of each dataset, refer to the Datasets section and the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Journal Article
    Title
    Impacts and Spillovers of a Low-Cost Multifaceted Economic Inclusion Program
    Authors
    Patrick Premand, Pascale Schnitzer
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Patrick Premand World Bank ppremand@worldbank.org
    Pascale Schnitzer World Bank pschnitzer@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2026-10-21

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    Chad TCD
    Keywords
    poverty graduation economic inclusion livelihoods cash grant social protection spillovers field experiment
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    D13 Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation D1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    D14 Household Saving • Personal Finance D1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    O12 Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development O1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    O13 Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products O1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    O17 Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements O1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    I38 Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs I3 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    MIT License https://opensource.org/license/mit
    World Bank IGO Rider https://github.com/worldbank/metadata-editor/blob/main/WB-IGO-RIDER.md

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Patrick Premand World Bank ppremand@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2026-10-21
    Document version

    1
    Back to Catalog