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PRWP

Reproducibility package for Motherhood And Labor Market Trajectories In Türkiye

2026
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Reference ID
RR_TUR_2026_627
Author(s)
Elizaveta Perova, Javier Baez, Santiago Garriga, Meliz Tyurkileri
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
May 12, 2026
Last modified
May 14, 2026
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata

    • Overview

    Abstract

    This study estimates the child penalty in Türkiye, defined as the negative impact of having a child on mothers' labor market outcomes. Utilizing the Survey of Income and Living Conditions data from 2006 to 2023, the analysis reveals a significant child penalty, which varies across regions within the country. Panel-based estimates show that women’s labor force participation drops by 44 percent in the year following child’s birth, while their employment rates decline by 40% percent. Additionally, for mothers who remained employed, their working hours decrease by approximately 7%, while the likelihood of informal employment increases by 69% three years after childbirth. The results highlight the persistence of the child penalty—lasting for at least 10 years after the birth of the first child—and stand in stark contrast to men’s labor market outcomes, which remain largely unchanged. The study identifies key factors that mitigate the penalty, including higher education, older age at birth, presence of grandmothers, availability of childcare services, and more progressive gender norms. The findings underscore the need for policy interventions that enhance gender equality in the labor market for mothers, such as expanding childcare services, promoting flexible work arrangements, and addressing gender norms.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    File name
    RR_TUR_2026_627
    Zip package
    RR_TUR_2026_627.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Motherhood And Labor Market Trajectories In Türkiye
    Date
    2026-05
    Dependencies
    Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    19.5 MP

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
    • Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5218 CPU @ 2.30GHz (2.30 GHz) (2 processors)
    • Memory available: 16 GB
    • Software version: Stata 19.5 MP
    Technology requirements

    Run time ~ 25 minutes
    Reproduction instructions

    To reproduce the exhibits in this paper, a new user should do the following

    1. Once access is granted on the restricted datasets, place them in the appropriate folder
    2. Update the directory for the Panel Master do in the panel folder and run the script
    3. Update the directory for the cross-section Master do in the cs folder and run the script
    4. Update the directory for the heterogeneity Master do in the heterogeneity folder and run the script
      Since the data is not included in the package, the outputs created by the replicators are included in the package so that users can compare them with the published manuscript

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    Income and Living Conditions Survey - Türkiye
    Note
    Source: TurkStat. Longitudinal datasets: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023. Cross-sectional datasets: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023. Dates accessed: September 2021 (Longitudinal 2009, 2010, 2014, 2019; Cross-sectional 2020); April 2014 (Longitudinal 2012); July 2015 (Longitudinal 2013); May 2017 (Longitudinal 2015); May 2018 (Longitudinal 2016); May 2020 (Longitudinal 2017, 2018); October 2023 (Longitudinal 2021; Cross-sectional 2022); January 2022 (Longitudinal 2020); September 2024 (Longitudinal 2022, 2023); September 2014 (Cross-sectional 2011, 2012); January 2015 (Cross-sectional 2013); November 2015 (Cross-sectional 2014); March 2017 (Cross-sectional 2015); November 2017 (Cross-sectional 2016); November 2018 (Cross-sectional 2017); May 2020 (Cross-sectional 2018); October 2020 (Cross-sectional 2019); July 2022 (Cross-sectional 2021); October 2024 (Cross-sectional 2023). File location — Longitudinal: replication_package/raw/raw_panel . File location — Cross-sectional: replication_package/raw/raw_cs. Access is restricted and redistribution is not permitted. Researchers may request data access by submitting a completed Micro Data Request Form and a Letter of Undertaking for Use of Micro Data Not Limited for Dissemination" — both provided by TurkStat — to info@tuik.gov.tr. Further details and the required forms are available at https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Kurumsal/Mikro_Veri. Once access is granted, researchers will receive four separate data files: household register, household, personal register and personal data. To replicate the analysis, only the personal register and personal data files are required. These data files contain information on household and individual identifiers, along with socio-demographic characteristics, labor market status, and income. Note 2 (Cross-sectional 2011 and 2012 only): The dataset has two potential sources: Eurostat and TurkStat. Although the authors originally obtained access via Eurostat, that source is no longer available. The same dataset can now be requested directly from TurkStat. Note that there may be slight variations between data accessed through different sources. TurkStat provides data in CSV format. Replicators must manually convert these CSV files to the required format, rename them as specified above, and place them in the corresponding file locations before beginning the analysis.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    Citation
    TurkStat. (2010–2024). "Income and Living Conditions Survey (Türkiye)" [dataset]. Longitudinal editions: 2009–2023. Cross-sectional editions: 2011–2023.
    Name
    World Values Survey Trend File (1981–2022) Cross-National Data-Set
    Note
    Source: JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat. Version: v3.0.0, released December 14, 2022. This was the most recent version available at the time the research was conducted. Note that older versions of this dataset are no longer publicly accessible. A more recent version (v4.1.0) is currently available at https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSEVStrend.jsp. Replicating the analysis with the updated version may only affect the results presented in Figure 11(a). Access date: June 2025. File location: replication_package/datain. File name: WVS_trends_3_0.dta.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package
    License
    Custom License
    Data URL
    https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSEVStrend.jsp
    Citation
    Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano J., M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen et al. (eds.). 2022. World Values Survey Trend File (1981-2022) Cross-National Data-Set. Madrid, Spain & Vienna, Austria: JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat. Data File Version 3.0.0, doi:10.14281/18241.23.
    Name
    Prosperous Places: Advancing Spatially Inclusive Development in Türkiye
    Note
    Source: World Bank. This dataset was compiled for the Prosperous Places report (P175434) and is not publicly archived. It may be made available upon request to the project team leader, Javier E. Baez (jbaez@worldbank.org). The dataset contains detailed information on regional-level GDP, labor force, and other socioeconomic indicators for Türkiye. The share of unpaid family workers and baseline GDP per capita utilized to produce Figure 11 are derived from this dataset. Access date: June 2025. File location: replication_package/datain. File name: extended_regional_database.dta.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    Citation
    World Bank. 2023. "Prosperous Places: Advancing Spatially Inclusive Development in Türkiye" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed June 2025
    Name
    Supply and Demand for Childcare Services in Turkey: A Mixed Methods Study
    Note
    Source: World Bank. This dataset was compiled for the Supply and Demand for Childcare Services in Turkey: A Mixed Methods Study report and is not publicly archived. It may be made available upon request to the project team leader, Ana Maria Munoz Boudet (amunozboudet@worldbank.org). The dataset contains detailed regional-level information on childcare centers. The children per childcare center indicator used to produce Figure 11(b) is derived from this dataset. Note that the dataset name used here was assigned by the authors for ease of reference. Researchers seeking to replicate the analysis should request the "Province_Map" dataset compiled for this project. Access date: June 2025. File location: replication_package/datain. File name: childcare.dta.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    Citation
    World Bank. 2015. "Supply and Demand for Childcare Services in Turkey: A Mixed Methods Study" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed June 2025
    Name
    Consumer Price Index - Türkiye
    Note
    Source: TurkStat; derived by the authors. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) deflator used in this study was derived from the Index Numbers and Rate of Changes in the Consumer Price Index, 2005–2025 table published by TurkStat. For each year, the average of the monthly index values was calculated. The resulting annual averages were then rescaled so that the 2017 average equals 1, establishing 2017 as the base year. Access date: January 2025. File location: replication_package/datain. File name: cpi2017.dta.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    TurkStat Legal Notice
    License URL
    https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Kurumsal/Yasal_Uyari
    Data URL
    https://veriportali.tuik.gov.tr/en/press/54176
    Citation
    TurkStat. 2025. Consumer Price Index (CPI): "Index numbers and rate of changes in the consumer price index, 2005–2025." Accessed January 2025.
    Name
    Regional Identifiers - Türkiye
    Note
    Source: Authors' compilation. This dataset was compiled by the authors and contains region names alongside their corresponding NUTS2 and NUTS3 classification codes for Türkiye. It was constructed to facilitate the merging of regional datasets used in the analysis. File location: replication_package/datain. File name: RegionIDs.dta.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Citation
    Authors' compilation. 2025. "Turkey Regional Classification Crosswalk" [dataset]. Compiled from official NUTS3 regional classification data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) and Eurostat.
    Data statement

    Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    Motherhood And Labor Market Trajectories In Türkiye
    Description
    Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Elizaveta Perova World Bank eperova@worldbank.org
    Javier Baez World Bank jbaez@worldbank.org
    Santiago Garriga Centro de Estudios en Finanzas Públicas (CEFIP) IIE-FCE-UNLP. garrigasantiago@gmail.com
    Meliz Tyurkileri World Bank mtyurkileri@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2026-05-10

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    Türkiye TUR
    Keywords
    Child Penalty Gender Gaps In The Labor Market Türkiye
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    J22 Time Allocation and Labor Supply J2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    J13 Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth J1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    J16 Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination J1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    MIT License https://opensource.org/license/mit
    World Bank IGO Rider https://github.com/worldbank/metadata-editor/blob/main/WB-IGO-RIDER.md

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Elizaveta Perova World Bank eperova@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2026-05-10
    Document version

    1
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