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PRWP

Reproducibility package for Safety First: Perceived Risk of Street Harassment and Educational Choices of Women

2026
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Reference ID
RR_IND_2024_244
DOI
https://doi.org/10.60572/kvev-7g44
Author(s)
Girija Borker
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
May 21, 2026
Last modified
May 27, 2026
  • Project Description
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  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
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  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata
  • Citation
  • Overview

    Abstract

    This paper examines the unequal impact of unsafe public spaces on women’s human capital attainment through their choice of college. Combining survey data from students attending the University of Delhi, a mapping of actual and potential travel routes to all colleges in students’ admission choice set, and mobile-application safety data from Delhi, I find that, relative to men with comparable choice sets, women choose colleges that are 20 percent lower in the college-quality distribution because of travel-safety concerns. These large effects have implications for other economic decisions, such as women’s participation in the labor force.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Readme Get Reproducibility Package
    Link: https://reproducibility.worldbank.org/catalog/565/download/1655/README.pdf
    Reproducibility package for Safety First: Perceived Risk of Street Harassment and Educational Choices of Women
    File name
    RR_IND_2024_244
    Zip package
    RR_IND_2024_244.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Safety First: Perceived Risk of Street Harassment and Educational Choices of Women
    Date
    2026-05
    Dependencies
    Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Stata
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    18.0 MP
    ArcGIS Pro
    Name
    ArcGIS Pro
    Version
    3.5.3
    Matlab
    Name
    Matlab
    Version
    2024b

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
    • Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (2 processors)
    • Memory available: 32.0 GB

    Technology requirements

    Run time: ~ 20 days

    Reproduction instructions

    To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:

    1. Secure Access to Data: Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.
    2. Run the Package:
    • Update the working directory in line 26 of the do-file "master_1.do", and run it.
    • Run "master_2.m" in Matlab.
    • Update the working directory in line 26 of the do-file "master_1.do", and run it.

    Since all the data is not included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.

    Data

    Datasets
    Delhi University Students' Survey 2016, Safety First Project
    Name
    Delhi University Students' Survey 2016, Safety First Project
    Note
    The dataset includes survey responses from Delhi University students, collected in 2016 for the Safety First project. It comprises detailed data from 3,948 students across eight colleges and a shorter survey from 32 other colleges. The survey covers demographics, travel patterns, academic performance, household characteristics, and female students' experiences with harassment. Detailed list of files can be found in the README.
    Access policy
    Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/terms-of-use
    Data URL
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/catalog/8299
    Citation
    Borker, G. 2016. Delhi University Students' Survey 2016, Safety First Project [dataset]. World Bank, Development Data Group.
    Data for spatial analysis for Safety first project
    Name
    Data for spatial analysis for Safety first project
    Note
    Author-constructed datasets combining student travel behavior, GIS processing, and simulated routing across Delhi, including route and safety measures, student shapefiles, bootstrap datasets, and safety surface grids. Detailed list of files can be found in the README.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package due to file size constraints.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/public-licenses?fragment=cc
    Data URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0067060/data-for-spatial-analysis-for-safety-first-project
    Citation
    Borker, G. 2026. "Data for Spatial Analysis for Safety First Project" [dataset]. World Bank Development Data Hub. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0067060/data-for-spatial-analysis-for-safety-first-project.
    Delhi NCR SafetiPin Safety Audit Data
    Name
    Delhi NCR SafetiPin Safety Audit Data
    Note
    Data requested in October 2015 and received in April 2016. Contains 26,560 safety audits conducted between November 2013 and January 2016 across Delhi NCR. Each audit evaluates nine safety parameters (lighting, openness, visibility, crowd, security, walk path, public transport availability, gender usage, and feeling), each scored 0–3. Includes a composite safety measure (PCA_SAF) constructed using principal component analysis. Three files: (1) audit_withdist.dta — safety audit data with associated postal district; (2) SafetiPin_NCR_audits.dta — audit scores with time and location, limited to NCR; (3) Safetipin/Safety data/Audits_formap_2017-04-09.shp — geocoded shapefile of audit locations. To request access, email Rithvika Rajiv at rithvika.rajiv@safetipin.com. A Data User Agreement is signed before data is shared.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://safetipin.com/site/termsConditions/
    Data URL
    https://safetipin.com/
    Citation
    SafetiPin. 2016. "Delhi NCR SafetiPin Safety Audit Data" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed April 2016.
    University of Delhi Cut-off Lists, 2013–2015
    Name
    University of Delhi Cut-off Lists, 2013–2015
    Note
    Admission cut-off lists for Arts & Commerce and Science bachelor programs from 2013 to 2015. 72 individual cut-off list files located in data/raw/cutoffs/. See the README references section for individual URLs for each cut-off list.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://www.duac.duf.du.ac.in/terms
    Data URL
    https://www.du.ac.in/
    Citation
    University of Delhi. 2013–2015. "Cut-off Lists for Arts & Commerce and Science" [dataset]. https://www.du.ac.in/. Accessed April 2016.
    India Today Annual College Rankings, 2013–2015
    Name
    India Today Annual College Rankings, 2013–2015
    Note
    Annual college rankings published by India Today for 2013 (https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/2013), 2014 (https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/2014), and 2015 (https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/2015). File location: data/raw/ranking_india_today.xlsx.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://specials.indiatoday.com/common/termsandconditions.phtml
    Data URL
    https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges
    Citation
    India Today. 2013–2015. "India Today Annual College Rankings" [dataset]. https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/. Accessed July 2015.
    The Week Annual College Rankings, 2013–2015
    Name
    The Week Annual College Rankings, 2013–2015
    Note
    Annual college rankings published by The Week for 2013, 2014, and 2015. The original links are no longer available. Detailed instructions on data compilation are included in the README. File location: data/raw/ranking_the_week.xlsx.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://www.theweek.in/terms-and-conditions.html
    Data URL
    https://www.theweek.in/
    Citation
    The Week. 2013–2015. "The Week Annual College Rankings" [dataset]. https://www.theweek.in/. Accessed June 2018.
    Delhi NCR ML Infomap Boundary Shapefiles
    Name
    Delhi NCR ML Infomap Boundary Shapefiles
    Note
    Three boundary shapefiles for Delhi NCR purchased from ML Infomap in April 2026: (1) NCR_boundary_Project.shp — administrative boundary for Delhi NCR; (2) NCR_PINCODE_Project.shp — pincode boundaries for Delhi NCR; (3) Delhi_NCT_pincodes.shp — pincode boundaries for Delhi NCT. To request access, use the ML Infomap contact page (https://www.mlinfomap.com/contact.php) and request the respective boundary files.
    Access policy
    Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Proprietary
    Data URL
    https://www.mlinfomap.com/contact.php
    Citation
    ML Infomap. 2026. "Boundary Shapefiles for Delhi NCR" [dataset]. https://www.mlinfomap.com/. Purchased April 2026.
    University of Delhi College Enrollment Data
    Name
    University of Delhi College Enrollment Data
    Note
    Data extracted from Table on page 84, Under-Graduate columns, of the University of Delhi Annual Report 2015–16 (https://www.du.ac.in/uploads/annual-reports/25102017_93_Part_2.pdf.pdf). File location: data/raw/college_enrollment.dta.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://www.duac.duf.du.ac.in/terms
    Data URL
    https://www.du.ac.in/uploads/annual-reports/25102017_93_Part_2.pdf.pdf
    Citation
    University of Delhi. 2016. "University of Delhi Annual Report 2015–16" [dataset]. https://www.du.ac.in/uploads/annual-reports/25102017_93_Part_2.pdf. Accessed April 2016.
    University of Delhi Course Enrollment Data
    Name
    University of Delhi Course Enrollment Data
    Note
    Data extracted from tables on pages 460, 481, and 524 of the University of Delhi Annual Report 2013–14 (https://www.du.ac.in/uploads/annual-reports/22052015_91st_Annual_Report.pdf.pdf). File location: data/raw/du_course_enrollment.dta.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://www.duac.duf.du.ac.in/terms
    Data URL
    https://www.du.ac.in/uploads/annual-reports/22052015_91st_Annual_Report.pdf.pdf
    Citation
    University of Delhi. 2014. "University of Delhi Annual Report 2013–14" [dataset]. https://www.du.ac.in/uploads/annual-reports/22052015_91st_Annual_Report.pdf.pdf. Accessed April 2016.
    University of Delhi Student Population by Gender Data
    Name
    University of Delhi Student Population by Gender Data
    Note
    Data extracted from table on page 444 of the University of Delhi Annual Report 2013–14 (https://www.du.ac.in/uploads/annual-reports/22052015_91st_Annual_Report.pdf.pdf). File location: data/raw/student_pop_bygender.csv.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://www.duac.duf.du.ac.in/terms
    Data URL
    https://www.du.ac.in/uploads/annual-reports/22052015_91st_Annual_Report.pdf.pdf
    Citation
    University of Delhi. 2014. "University of Delhi Annual Report 2013–14" [dataset]. https://www.du.ac.in/uploads/annual-reports/22052015_91st_Annual_Report.pdf.pdf. Accessed April 2016.
    National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) – Crime Against Women and Census Data, 2013
    Name
    National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) – Crime Against Women and Census Data, 2013
    Note
    Author-compiled dataset combining data from three sources: (1) NCRB District-wise Women (IPC) Cases 2001–2013 (https://www.ncrb.gov.in/uploads/2022/July/11/custom/crime-in-india/4-DistrictWise-Women(IPC)-Cases-ring-2001-2013.pdf); (2) NCRB Crime in India Table 1.14, 2013 (https://www.ncrb.gov.in/uploads/2022/July/11/custom/crime-in-india/Table1.14_2013.pdf); (3) Census of India (https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables#). See the README for detailed instructions on how to construct this file. File location: data/raw/NCRB_rape_2013.xlsx.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://www.ncrb.gov.in/copyright-statement
    Citation
    Authors' compilation. 2016. "NCRB Crime Against Women and Census Data, 2013" [dataset]. Based on National Crime Records Bureau (2013) and Census of India. Accessed April 2016.
    College Location Shapefiles – Google Maps and University of Delhi
    Name
    College Location Shapefiles – Google Maps and University of Delhi
    Note
    Three author-constructed shapefiles geocoded manually using Google Maps, supplemented with size data from the University of Delhi Annual Report 2013–14 (page S-1, column 'Total Undergraduate Students'). Not included due to the Terms and Conditions of Google Maps (https://www.google.com/help/terms_maps/) and the University of Delhi platforms (https://www.duac.duf.du.ac.in/terms). (1) CollegeLocations_final_1 — all Delhi University colleges ; (2) coll_loc_insample_Withsize — eight colleges in the sample; (3) coll_loc_shortsurvey_withsize — colleges in the short survey. Refer to the README for detailed compilation instructions. File locations: Safetipin/ArcGIS/.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://www.google.com/help/terms_maps/
    Citation
    Authors' compilation. 2016. "College Location Shapefiles" [dataset]. Geocoded using Google Maps. Size data from University of Delhi Annual Report 2013–14. https://www.du.ac.in/uploads/annual-reports/22052015_91st_Annual_Report.pdf.pdf.
    Data statement

    Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Safety First: Perceived Risk of Street Harassment and Educational Choices of Women
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    Safety First: Perceived Risk of Street Harassment and Educational Choices of Women
    Description
    Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Girija Borker World Bank gborker@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2026-05-20

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    India IND
    Keywords
    Gender Transportation Urban College Choice Violence Sexual Harassment Safety
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    J16 Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination J1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    O18 Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure O1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    R41 Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise R4 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    MIT License https://opensource.org/license/mit
    World Bank IGO Rider https://github.com/worldbank/metadata-editor/blob/main/WB-IGO-RIDER.md

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Girija Borker World Bank gborker@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2026-05-20

    Document version

    1

    Citation

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