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Reproducibility package for Competing In The Face Of Climate Risks: Evidence From Firms And Policy Priorities In MENAAP

2026
Reference ID
FR_WLD_2026_668
Author(s)
Zeina Alsharkas, Jean Michel Marchat, Enrique Aldaz-Carroll, Ana Goicoechea
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Flagships and Reports
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Created on
Jun 24, 2026
Last modified
Jun 24, 2026
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  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata

    • Overview

    Abstract

    The Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan (MENAAP) region is highly exposed to climate change. Countries across the region are already among the most water-scarce in the world and increasingly vulnerable to heat extremes, droughts, floods, and sea level rise. These interlinked hazards, documented across Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs), are undermining agriculture, threatening food and water security, and imposing mounting economic and social costs across the region. Rising temperatures are already reducing labor productivity, straining health systems, intensifying desertification, and contributing to water scarcity, crop losses, and higher energy demand for cooling across the region, while water scarcity, droughts, flooding, and sea level rise are deepening fragility, poverty, and displacement risks in the region.
    This high and rising exposure creates an urgent need to respond. Climate risks are already materializing and affecting economic activity, firm performance, trade, and livelihoods. Delaying action would further magnify losses. Responding to climate risk can generate benefits that go well beyond reducing climate-related losses. Policies that strengthen access to finance, improve the business environment, upgrade infrastructure, and promote resource efficiency can raise productivity, enhance competitiveness, support job creation, improve health outcomes, and increase resilience to other shocks. In this sense, climate-responsive reforms can deliver a double dividend by addressing both climate vulnerabilities and long-standing structural constraints in MENAAP economies.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    File name
    FR_WLD_2026_668
    Zip package
    FR_WLD_2026_668.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Competing In The Face Of Climate Risks: Evidence From Firms And Policy Priorities In MENAAP
    Date
    2026-06
    Dependencies
    R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    R
    Version
    4.5.2
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    19.5 MP
    Name
    Excel

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
    • Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5218 CPU @ 2.30GHz (2.30 GHz) (2 processors)
    • Memory available: 16 GB
    Technology requirements

    Run time ~ 1.5 hours
    Reproduction instructions

    To reproduce the exhibit in this paper a new user should do the following

    1. Obtain access to the restricted datasets "mena_recent_v2.dta" and "fDi Markets" datasets
    2. Open the R Project competing.Rproj
    3. Restore the environment by running renv::restore() and following the prompts.
    4. Open mena_main.R script in Chapter 1 > Figure_1.1-1.6 folder , update the directory and
      run it
    5. Open R script 0_master.R, in Chapter 1 > Figure_1.7-1.8 folder, update the directory and
      run it
    6. Open the main do file in Chapter 2 > Figure_2.2-2.4, update the directories, and run it
    7. Open 0_directories_and_packages.R R script in Chapter 2 > Figure_2.5 - 2.9 folder, edit the
      directory and run the script
      Since all the original data cannot be redistributed, the package includes the outputs produced by the replicators, which can be used to review the results presented in the paper.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    MENA Firm Performance and Sector Classification Data
    Note
    Restricted data, not publicly available. File location: Figure_1.1 - 1.6/data/mena_recent_v2. The file is a processed dataset, manually compiled by the authors using information from Copernicus (Climate Data Store) and 2019-2024 World Bank Group Enterprise Surveys (WBES). Geocoded satellite weather data from ERA5 were matched with geocoded WBES data for over 10,000 firms across Egypt, Arab Rep., Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia, between 2019 and 2024. This data is confidential and not included in the package as it contains geolocation information on firms. A list of variables is provided in the reproducibility package: varlist.csv. In addition, interested users can contact the authors at: zalsharkas@worldbank.org.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    Citation
    World Bank. 2026. "MENA Firm Performance and Sector Classification Data" [dataset]. Unpublished data.
    Name
    Computable General Equilibrium Simulation Results
    Note
    Data accessed in January 2026. Simulation results from a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The underlying input data are confidential and not publicly available; however, the model outputs are included in the reproducibility package and serve as the starting point for the exhibits presented in the paper. File location: Figure_2.2-2.4\Data\CBAM\CGE_Exp_MENA_prepos.dta, CGE_Macro Result.xlsx.
    Access policy
    Data is included in the reproducibility package
    Citation
    Author elaboration. 2026. "CGE Simulation Results" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed January 2026.
    Name
    World Bank Enterprise Surveys
    Note
    Data accessed in January 2026. File location: Figure_1.1-1.6/data/WBES_green_tech.dta. Data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys were used directly to create Fig. 1.3b on Power outages WBES indicators; please see more details in the README file.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
    Data URL
    https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/en/data
    Citation
    World Bank. 2026. "World Bank Enterprise Surveys" [dataset]. https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/en/data. Accessed January 2026.
    Name
    International Energy Agency (IEA) Datasets
    Note
    Data accessed in January 2026. Fig. 1.5a was also created from the International Energy Agency (IEA) Datasets (IEA Energy and Carbon Tracker 2023), using data from this website: www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/dataproduct/iea-energy-and-carbon-tracker-2023. File location: Figure_1.1-1.6/data/IEA_sectors.csv; IEA_prices; Excel_Charts_Reproducibility.xlsx
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://www.iea.org/terms
    Data URL
    https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-sets
    Citation
    International Energy Agency (IEA). 2026. "IEA Data and Statistics" [dataset]. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/datasets. Accessed January 2026.
    Name
    FactSet Company Data
    Note
    Data accessed in February 2026. Contains firm-level data from the FactSet database. Restricted subscription data. Files location: Figure 1.7-1.8/data_in/all_firms_by_year.csv; menaap_firms_id.csv; related_firms_id.csv. A variable list containing all the information used in this analysis is included for these datasets for transparency.
    Access policy
    Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    License URL
    https://www.factset.com/legal
    Data URL
    https://www.factset.com
    Citation
    FactSet. 2026. "FactSet Company Data" [dataset]. https://www.factset.com. Unpublished data. Accessed February 2026.
    Name
    World Bank Border Carbon Adjustment Dashboard Data
    Note
    Data accessed in January 2026. File location: Figure_2.2-2.4\Data\CBAM\Default EI_new.xlsx, Most_exposed_countries_new_EI_V202601.xlsx. To access the underlying data, contact the authors: Paulina Schulz Antipa (pschultzantipa@worldbank.org) and Weronika Celniak (wcelniak@worldbank.org). Internal World Bank access is required to use the dashboard. Still, the files compiled manually by the authors are included in the package and serve as the starting point for this reproducibility package.
    Access policy
    Data is included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    Data URL
    https://app.powerbi.com/groups/me/apps/19be3305-5722-4504-ab00-52c5da90be3c/reports/24f394a8-31b3-483a-8f8b-033293ece9f7/5139711b3ca0b06170aa?experience=power-bi
    Citation
    World Bank. 2026. "World Bank Border Carbon Adjustment Dashboard Data" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed January 2026.
    Name
    International Trade Database at the Product-Level
    Note
    Data accessed in February 2026. Centre d’études prospectives et d’informations internationales (CEPII). International trade database at the product level, HS 2022 classification, 2023 version. File location: Figure_2.2-2.4\Data\CBAM\BACI_HS22_Y2023_V202501.csv; country_codes_V202501.csv.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Open License
    License URL
    https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf
    Data URL
    https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37
    Citation
    Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010). "BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level" [dataset]. CEPII Working Paper N. 2010-23. Accessed February 2026.
    Name
    Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensities
    Note
    Data accessed in January 2026. Data on European Union (EU) average emission intensity, taken from the file Default values transitional period.pdf of the European Commission - Joint Research Centre. File location: Figure_2.2-2.4\Data\CBAM\JRC EI.dta.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://commission.europa.eu/legal-notice_en
    Data URL
    https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC134682
    Citation
    Vidovic, D., Marmier, A., Zore, L. and Moya, J. (2023). "Greenhouse gas emission intensities of the steel, fertilisers, aluminium and cement industries in the EU and its main trading partners" [dataset]. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. DOI: 10.2760\/359533, JRC134682.
    Name
    Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Database
    Note
    Data accessed in January 2026. GTAP 11 Database, including HS to GTAP sector concordance and CBAM sector aggregation. File location: Figure_2.2-2.4\Data\CBAM\HS_GTAP.dta; Aggregation_CBAM.xlsx.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Open Access
    License URL
    https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/free_resources.asp
    Data URL
    https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/regions.aspx?Version=11.211
    Citation
    Global Trade Analysis Project. 2023. "GTAP 11 Data Base" [dataset]. Purdue University. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/regions.aspx?Version=11.211. Accessed January 2026.
    Name
    Direct and Indirect Trade Indicators
    Note
    Data accessed in January 2026. Data obtained from the authors of the Direct and Indirect Trade Indicators: Arvis, J-F, A Burman, Espitia, J-C Maur, D. Rocha, D. Ulybina. Underlying data not publicly available, but included in the reproducibility package. File location: Figure_2.2-2.4\Data\GVC\indicators_csgroup_c_1990_2022.dta. The dataset is zipped because of size restrictions, so to run the code, the user would need to unzip this file.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
    Data URL
    https://wwwstg.worldbank.org/en/programs/tradeexposure/direct-and-indirect-trade-indicators/eora
    Citation
    Arvis, J.-F., Burman, A., Espitia, A., Maur, J.-C., Rocha, N., and Ulybina, D. (2025). "Measuring exposure and vulnerability to international trade shocks" [dataset]. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 11243.
    Name
    EORA Multi-Region Input-Output Database
    Note
    Data accessed in January 2026. Sector description file created from Eora26structure.xlsx. File location: Figure_2.2-2.4\Data\GVC\sec_des.dta.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Open Access
    License URL
    https://worldmrio.com/licensing.jsp
    Data URL
    https://worldmrio.com/countrywise/
    Citation
    EORA. 2026. "EORA Multi-Region Input-Output Database" [dataset]. https://worldmrio.com/countrywise/. Accessed January 2026.
    Name
    World Bank Country and Lending Groups Classification
    Note
    Data accessed in January 2026. World Bank Country and lending group classification, 2025 version. File location: Figure_2.2-2.4\Data\WB_Country Classification.dta.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
    Data URL
    https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups
    Citation
    World Bank. 2026. "World Bank Country and Lending Groups Classification" [dataset]. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups. Accessed January 2026.
    Name
    fDi Markets Database
    Note
    Data accessed in January 2026. Restricted subscription data from the fDi Markets database by the Financial Times. To access the datasets, contact: https://www.fdimarkets.com. A list of variables is included in the reproducibility package. File location: Figure_2.5-2.9\data_in\fDi_markets_sectors.dta, fdimarkets_cbam_panel_raw.csv, fdimarkets_exposure_raw.csv, fdi_country_codes.xlsx,
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    Data URL
    https://www.fdimarkets.com
    Citation
    Financial Times. 2026. "fDi Markets Database" [dataset]. Unpublished Data. Accessed January 2026.
    Name
    International Financial Statistics - Consumer Price Index
    Note
    Data accessed in January 2026. U.S. Consumer Price Index data from the International Financial Statistics database of the International Monetary Fund, accessed via the World Bank data portal. File location: Figure_2.5-2.9\data_in\concordances\us_cpi.csv.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
    Data URL
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL
    Citation
    International Monetary Fund (IMF). 2026. "International Financial Statistics: Consumer Price Index" [dataset]. Accessed via World Bank Data Portal. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL. Accessed January 2026.
    Name
    Global Macro Database
    Note
    Data accessed in March 2025. International macroeconomic dataset. File location: Figure_2.5-2.9\data_in\gravity\GMD.csv.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
    License URL
    https://www.globalmacrodata.com/
    Data URL
    https://www.globalmacrodata.com
    Citation
    Muller, Karsten, Chenzi Xu, Mohamed Lehbib, and Ziliang Chen. 2025. "The Global Macro Database: A New International Macroeconomic Dataset (Version 2026-03)" [dataset]. NBER Working Paper No. 33714. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w33714. Accessed March 2025.
    Name
    CEPII Gravity Database
    Note
    Data accessed in March 2025. Gravity variables for international trade analysis. File location: Figure_2.5-2.9\data_in\gravity\gravity_vars.csv. The dataset is zipped because of size restrictions, so to run the code, the user would need to unzip this file.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Open License 2.0
    License URL
    https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf
    Data URL
    https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=8
    Citation
    Conte, M., P. Cotterlaz and T. Mayer (2022). "The CEPII Gravity database" [dataset]. CEPII Working Paper No. 2022-05, July 2022. https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=8. Accessed March 2025.
    Name
    International Trade and Production Database for Estimation (ITPD-E)
    Note
    Data accessed in January 2026. International Trade and Production Database for Estimation, built from ITPD_S_R1_no_names.csv. Used for Figures 2.8 and 2.9. File location: Figure_2.5-2.9\data_in\itpd\itpd_go_cbam.csv.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Open Access
    License URL
    https://www.usitc.gov/data/index.htm
    Data URL
    https://www.usitc.gov/data/gravity/itpds
    Citation
    Borchert, I., Larch, M., Shikher, S., and Yotov, Y. (2024). "Globalization, Trade, and Inequality: Evidence from a New Database" [dataset]. USITC Working Paper 2024-11-A.
    Name
    Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT) Forecast Data
    Note
    Data accessed in January 2026. Forecast data generated using the Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT) of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group. Access to CPAT is restricted. File location: Chapter3\MENA_Regional_TCP_CT_2026-2036_v2.xlsx. To access the latest version of CPAT, please go to the following link and follow the instructions: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/brief/climate-policy-assessment-tool. Underlying data to produce the figure is restricted, but the aggregated values and the produced figure is in the Excel file.
    Access policy
    Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    Data URL
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/brief/climate-policy-assessment-tool
    Citation
    Black, S., I. Parry, V. Mylonas, N. Vernon, and K. Zhunussova (2023). "The IMF-World Bank Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT): A Model to Help Countries Mitigate Climate Change" [dataset]. IMF Working Paper No. 2023\/128. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/brief/climate-policy-assessment-tool. Accessed January 2026.
    Name
    Emission Intensity Files
    Note
    Emission Intensity Files - These three files are the authors’ own elaboration based on the estimated CBAM Trade Exposure Index reported in Figure 2.2 (see also the README). You may use the source information of the original datasets (Default EI_new xlsx, Most_exposed_countries_new_EI_V202601.xlsx, BACI_HS22_Y2023_V202501.csv) as provided in the README. File location: Chapter 2\Figure_2.5-2.9\data_in\trade\2017 emission intensity_MENA.xlsx, Default_emission_intensity.xlsx, JRC_emission_intensity.xlsx.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    Citation
    Author elaboration. 2026. "Emission Intensity Files" [dataset]. Accessed January 2026
    Data statement

    Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Flagship or other report
    Title
    Competing In The Face Of Climate Risks: Evidence From Firms And Policy Priorities in MENAAP
    Description
    World Bank Reports & Flagships
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Zeina Alsharkas World Bank zalsharkas@worldbank.org
    Jean Michel Marchat World Bank jmarchat@worldbank.org
    Enrique Aldaz-Carroll World Bank ealdazcarroll@worldbank.org
    Ana Goicoechea World Bank agoicoechea@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2026-06-12

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    World WLD
    Keywords
    Climate Risk Global Warming Firm Performance Mena Menaap
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    Q54 Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming Q5 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    F18 Trade and Environment F1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    O44 Environment and Growth O4 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    MIT License https://opensource.org/license/mit
    World Bank IGO Rider https://github.com/worldbank/metadata-editor/blob/main/WB-IGO-RIDER.md

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Zeina Alsharkas World Bank zalsharkas@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2026-06-12
    Document version

    1
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