Reproducibility package for The Long-Run Impacts Of Protected Areas On Income, Birds, And Tourism In South Africa

2026

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RR_ZAF_2026_658

DOI

https://doi.org/10.60572/rpep-0m82

Author(s)

Dennis Engist, Gabriel Englander, Alan Lee, Frederik Noack

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World Bank Policy Research Working Papers

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Jun 30, 2026

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Jul 07, 2026

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README for the reproducibility package for The Long-Run Impacts Of Protected Areas On Income, Birds, And Tourism In South Africa

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Reproducibility verification for The Long-Run Impacts Of Protected Areas On Income, Birds, And Tourism In South Africa

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Reproducibility package for The Long-Run Impacts Of Protected Areas On Income, Birds, And Tourism In South Africa

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Zip preview	RR_ZAF_2026_658 data_hash_report.csv LICENSE.txt README.pdf Reproducibility package .Rprofile biodiversity outputs plots addo gfr plot_richness_contribution_addo.jpeg plot_richness_contribution_addo_gfr_combined.jpeg plot_richness_contribution_gfr.jpeg covariates Composite_Batch_1.jpeg Composite_Batch_2.jpeg Composite_Batch_3.jpeg Composite_Batch_4.jpeg Composite_Batch_5.jpeg Composite_Batch_6.jpeg Composite_Batch_7.jpeg Composite_Batch_8.jpeg many_vars_plot.jpeg map_panel_spatial_blocks.jpeg exhibits exhibit_biodiversity_combined.jpeg exhibit_biodiversity_management.jpeg exhibit_biodiversity_size.jpeg exhibit_pa_covariates_scatter.jpeg exhibit_pa_mapped_covariates.jpeg exhibit_pa_mapped_outcomes.jpeg exhibit_pa_outcomes_scatter.jpeg plot_model_performance_SABAP2_oof_paplacement.jpeg management index management_index_map.jpeg management_index_median_map.jpeg protected areas boxplot_park_age_by_area.jpeg map_pa_distance_all_parks.jpeg map_pa_distance_management_parks_high.jpeg map_pa_distance_management_parks_low.jpeg map_pa_distance_management_parks_na.jpeg map_pa_distance_non_nparks.jpeg map_pa_distance_nparks.jpeg map_pa_distance_oparks1.jpeg map_pa_distance_oparks2.jpeg map_pa_distance_oparks3.jpeg map_pa_distance_oparks4.jpeg map_pa_distance_oparks5.jpeg map_pa_distance_parks_area_q1.jpeg map_pa_distance_parks_area_q2.jpeg map_pa_distance_parks_area_q3.jpeg map_pa_distance_parks_area_q4.jpeg map_pa_share_all_parks.jpeg map_pa_share_management_parks_high.jpeg map_pa_share_management_parks_low.jpeg map_pa_share_management_parks_na.jpeg map_pa_share_non_nparks.jpeg map_pa_share_nparks.jpeg map_pa_share_oparks1.jpeg map_pa_share_oparks2.jpeg map_pa_share_oparks3.jpeg map_pa_share_oparks4.jpeg map_pa_share_oparks5.jpeg map_pa_share_parks_area_q1.jpeg map_pa_share_parks_area_q2.jpeg map_pa_share_parks_area_q3.jpeg map_pa_share_parks_area_q4.jpeg results ml coefficient_plot_ml.jpeg coefficient_plot_ml_management_size.jpeg map_model_differences.jpeg map_model_differences_management_size.jpeg map_training_pentads.jpeg plot_biodiversity_model_performance_oof_cv.jpeg plot_model_performance_oof_cv_management_size.jpeg results ols richness_coefficients_plot_ols.jpeg richness_coefficients_plot_ols_management_size.jpeg results panel coefficient_plot_panel.jpeg map_panel_treated_pentads.jpeg SABAP2 adj_richness_absolute_maps.jpeg adj_richness_absolute_maps_lc_urban.jpeg adj_richness_deviation_maps.jpeg adj_richness_deviation_maps_lc_urban.jpeg effort_bias_combined_grid.jpeg effort_bias_combined_grid_lc_urban.jpeg map_richness_PA_overlay_relative.jpeg map_total_visits_per_pentad.jpeg nr_yearly_visits.jpeg species detection rate CR+EN map_CR+EN_species_page_1.jpeg map_CR+EN_species_page_2.jpeg map_CR+EN_species_page_3.jpeg species detection rate LC map_LC_species_page_1.jpeg map_LC_species_page_10.jpeg map_LC_species_page_11.jpeg map_LC_species_page_12.jpeg map_LC_species_page_13.jpeg map_LC_species_page_14.jpeg map_LC_species_page_15.jpeg map_LC_species_page_16.jpeg map_LC_species_page_17.jpeg map_LC_species_page_18.jpeg map_LC_species_page_19.jpeg map_LC_species_page_2.jpeg map_LC_species_page_20.jpeg map_LC_species_page_21.jpeg map_LC_species_page_22.jpeg map_LC_species_page_23.jpeg map_LC_species_page_24.jpeg map_LC_species_page_25.jpeg map_LC_species_page_26.jpeg map_LC_species_page_27.jpeg map_LC_species_page_28.jpeg map_LC_species_page_29.jpeg map_LC_species_page_3.jpeg map_LC_species_page_30.jpeg map_LC_species_page_31.jpeg map_LC_species_page_32.jpeg map_LC_species_page_33.jpeg map_LC_species_page_34.jpeg map_LC_species_page_35.jpeg map_LC_species_page_36.jpeg map_LC_species_page_37.jpeg map_LC_species_page_38.jpeg map_LC_species_page_39.jpeg map_LC_species_page_4.jpeg map_LC_species_page_40.jpeg map_LC_species_page_41.jpeg map_LC_species_page_42.jpeg map_LC_species_page_43.jpeg map_LC_species_page_44.jpeg map_LC_species_page_45.jpeg map_LC_species_page_46.jpeg map_LC_species_page_47.jpeg map_LC_species_page_48.jpeg map_LC_species_page_49.jpeg map_LC_species_page_5.jpeg map_LC_species_page_50.jpeg map_LC_species_page_51.jpeg map_LC_species_page_52.jpeg map_LC_species_page_53.jpeg map_LC_species_page_54.jpeg map_LC_species_page_55.jpeg map_LC_species_page_56.jpeg map_LC_species_page_57.jpeg map_LC_species_page_58.jpeg map_LC_species_page_59.jpeg map_LC_species_page_6.jpeg map_LC_species_page_60.jpeg map_LC_species_page_61.jpeg map_LC_species_page_62.jpeg map_LC_species_page_63.jpeg map_LC_species_page_64.jpeg map_LC_species_page_7.jpeg map_LC_species_page_8.jpeg map_LC_species_page_9.jpeg species detection rate non-urban map_non-urban_species_page_1.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_10.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_11.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_12.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_13.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_14.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_15.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_16.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_2.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_3.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_4.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_5.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_6.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_7.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_8.jpeg map_non-urban_species_page_9.jpeg species detection rate NT map_NT_species_page_1.jpeg map_NT_species_page_2.jpeg map_NT_species_page_3.jpeg map_NT_species_page_4.jpeg map_NT_species_page_5.jpeg species detection rate urban map_urban_species_page_1.jpeg map_urban_species_page_2.jpeg map_urban_species_page_3.jpeg map_urban_species_page_4.jpeg map_urban_species_page_5.jpeg map_urban_species_page_6.jpeg map_urban_species_page_7.jpeg species detection rate VU map_VU_species_page_1.jpeg map_VU_species_page_2.jpeg map_VU_species_page_3.jpeg map_VU_species_page_4.jpeg tables results ml final_results_ml.csv final_results_ml_management_size.csv table_ml_biodiversity_Age.tex table_ml_biodiversity_All.tex table_ml_biodiversity_management.tex table_ml_biodiversity_size.tex table_ml_biodiversity_Type.tex xgb_params_ml_exhibit.tex xgb_params_richness_cren_adj.tex xgb_params_richness_cren_adj_mgmt_size.tex xgb_params_richness_lc_adj.tex xgb_params_richness_lc_adj_mgmt_size.tex xgb_params_richness_nonurban_adj.tex xgb_params_richness_nonurban_adj_mgmt_size.tex xgb_params_richness_nt_adj.tex xgb_params_richness_nt_adj_mgmt_size.tex xgb_params_richness_urban_adj.tex xgb_params_richness_urban_adj_mgmt_size.tex xgb_params_richness_vu_adj.tex xgb_params_richness_vu_adj_mgmt_size.tex results ols final_results_ols.csv final_results_ols_management_size.csv table_ols_biodiversity_Age.tex table_ols_biodiversity_All.tex table_ols_biodiversity_Type.tex table_ols_management_size_Management.tex table_ols_management_size_Size.tex results panel final_results_panel.csv table_panel_biodiversity_All.tex species tables cr_species_list.tex en_species_list.tex nt_species_list.tex urban_adaptors_list.tex urban_avoiders_list.tex vu_species_list.tex scripts 00_data_collection_SABAP2.R 01_data_preparation_biodiv_SABAP2.R 02_data_preparation_biodiv_management_indices.R 03_data_preparation_biodiv_protected_areas.R 04_data_preparation_biodiv_covariates.R 11_estimation_ols_SABAP2.R 12_estimation_machine_learning_SABAP2.R 13_estimation_panel_SABAP2.R 14_estimation_ols_SABAP2_management_size.R 15_estimation_machine_learning_SABAP2_management_size.R 21_exhibits_results_SABAP2.R 22_exhibits_PA_placement_SABAP2.R 23_exhibits_results_SABAP2_management_size.R 31_casestudy_Addo_GFR_SABAP2.R function_library_SABAP2.R main_biodiversity.R runtimes_SABAP2.R income outputs plots addo great fish plot_income_contribution_addo_gfr_combined.jpeg plot_income_contribution_SA.jpeg census income_comparison.jpeg income_lower_bound_map.jpeg income_map.jpeg covariates coast_map.jpeg deposits1_map.jpeg deposits2_map.jpeg deposits3_map.jpeg junctions_map.jpeg many_vars_plot_wards.jpeg precipitation_map.jpeg rail_map.jpeg rivers_map.jpeg suitability_map.jpeg temperature_map.jpeg exhibits exhibit_income.jpeg exhibit_nightlights.jpeg plot_model_performance_income_oof.jpeg nightlights ward_nightlights_aggregated_timeline.jpeg ward_nightlights_plot.jpeg ward_nightlights_timeline.jpeg protected areas histograms_parks.jpeg parks_growth_map.jpeg parks_map.jpeg wards_example_plot.jpeg wards_parks_map_time.jpeg ward_buffers_map.jpeg results ml coefficient_plot_ml_nightlights_income.jpeg map_predictions_and_residuals.jpeg map_training_wards_2001_2011.jpeg plot_model_performance_oof_cv.jpeg results ols income_nightlights_coefficients_plot.jpeg results panel coefplot_twfe_nightlights_income.jpeg map_panel_treatment.jpeg variable test nparks_treatment_map.jpeg oparks_treatment_map.jpeg panel_estimation_ward_data_2011.jpeg parks_treatment_map.jpeg QC_all_variables.pdf qc_maps_combined.jpeg qc_trends_combined.jpeg tables results ml final_results_ml_income_nightlights.csv table_ml_income_age.tex table_ml_income_all.tex table_ml_income_type.tex xgb_params_log_gb_estimate_hh.tex xgb_params_log_value_nightlights.tex results ols final_results_ols_income.csv final_results_ols_nightlights.csv table_ols_income_nightlights_Age.tex table_ols_income_nightlights_All.tex table_ols_income_nightlights_Type.tex results panel final_results_panel_income_nightlights.csv table_panel_income_nightlights.tex scripts 01_data_preparation_census.R 02_data_preparation_nightlights.R 03_data_preparation_covariates.R 04_data_preparation_PAs.R 11_estimation_ols_income_nightlights.R 12_estimation_machine_learning_income_nightlights.R 13_estimation_panel_income_nightlights.R 21_exhibits_PA_placement_income.R 22_exhibits_results_income_nightlights.R 31_casestudy_Addo_GFR_income.R 32_casestudy_jobs.R main_income.R runtimes_income.R renv activate.R renv.lock RUN THIS FIRST.R SA_parks_project.Rproj shared data biome map biome_source.txt lev2-0105.dbf lev2-0105.sbn lev2-0105.sbx lev2-0105.shp lev2-0105.shp.xml lev2-0105.shx census zaf_census_2001_monthlyhouseholdincome.xls zaf_census_2011_monthlyhouseholdincome.xls zaf_census_2011_monthlyindividualincome.xls conservation areas PROTECTED AREAS DEFINITIONS.pdf SAPAD Data Release Schedule 2023-2024.pdf SAPAD Data Release Schedule 2023-2024.pdf.aux.xml SAPAD_OR_2025_Q3.cpg SAPAD_OR_2025_Q3.dbf SAPAD_OR_2025_Q3.kmz SAPAD_OR_2025_Q3.ods SAPAD_OR_2025_Q3.prj SAPAD_OR_2025_Q3.sbn SAPAD_OR_2025_Q3.sbx SAPAD_OR_2025_Q3.shp SAPAD_OR_2025_Q3.shp.xml SAPAD_OR_2025_Q3.shx SAPAD_OR_2025_Q3_Metadata.pdf SAPAD_OR_2025_Q3_METADATA.xml SAPAD_SACAD_SAMPAZ Data Release Schedule 2025-2026.pdf electoral wards MDBWard2011.gdb MDBWard2011.gdb a00000001.gdbindexes a00000001.gdbtable a00000001.gdbtablx a00000001.TablesByName.atx a00000002.gdbtable a00000002.gdbtablx a00000003.gdbindexes a00000003.gdbtable a00000003.gdbtablx a00000004.CatItemsByPhysicalName.atx a00000004.CatItemsByType.atx a00000004.FDO_UUID.atx a00000004.freelist a00000004.gdbindexes a00000004.gdbtable a00000004.gdbtablx a00000004.spx a00000005.CatItemTypesByName.atx a00000005.CatItemTypesByParentTypeID.atx a00000005.CatItemTypesByUUID.atx a00000005.gdbindexes a00000005.gdbtable a00000005.gdbtablx a00000006.CatRelsByDestinationID.atx a00000006.CatRelsByOriginID.atx a00000006.CatRelsByType.atx a00000006.FDO_UUID.atx a00000006.gdbindexes a00000006.gdbtable a00000006.gdbtablx a00000007.CatRelTypesByBackwardLabel.atx a00000007.CatRelTypesByDestItemTypeID.atx a00000007.CatRelTypesByForwardLabel.atx a00000007.CatRelTypesByName.atx a00000007.CatRelTypesByOriginItemTypeID.atx a00000007.CatRelTypesByUUID.atx a00000007.gdbindexes a00000007.gdbtable a00000007.gdbtablx a00000009.freelist a00000009.gdbindexes a00000009.gdbtable a00000009.gdbtablx a00000009.spx gdb timestamps land cover change change_2014_2020_27_change_assessment_report.pdf change_2014_2020_27_lcc.xlsx lcccodes.xlsx SA_NLC_2014_2020_CLASS_CHANGE_ALBERS.tif SA_NLC_2014_2020_CLASS_CHANGE_ALBERS.tif.aux.xml SA_NLC_2014_2020_CLASS_CHANGE_ALBERS.tif.vat.CPG SA_NLC_2014_2020_CLASS_CHANGE_ALBERS.tif.vat.dbf SA_NLC_2014_2020_CLASS_CHANGE_ALBERS.tif.vat.dbf.xml SA_NLC_2014_2020_CLASS_CHANGE_ALBERS.tif.xml major cities 1926_census_zaf.pdf major_cities.csv nightlights.7z precipitation.7z railway junctions rail_junctions_v1.cpg rail_junctions_v1.dbf rail_junctions_v1.prj rail_junctions_v1.qmd rail_junctions_v1.shp rail_junctions_v1.shx train_stations_1925.qgz railways cleaned 1925 railways zaf_railways_1925_v4.cpg zaf_railways_1925_v4.dbf zaf_railways_1925_v4.prj zaf_railways_1925_v4.qmd zaf_railways_1925_v4.shp zaf_railways_1925_v4.shx commonwealth_pr76hs68r_access_cropped.JPG commonwealth_pr76hs68r_access_full.jpg hotosm_zaf_railways_lines_shp.cpg hotosm_zaf_railways_lines_shp.dbf hotosm_zaf_railways_lines_shp.prj hotosm_zaf_railways_lines_shp.shp hotosm_zaf_railways_lines_shp.shx Railway_data_preparation.qgz Readme.txt resources Africa_GIS.gdb Africa_GIS.gdb a00000001.freelist a00000001.gdbindexes a00000001.gdbtable a00000001.gdbtablx a00000001.TablesByName.atx a00000002.gdbtable a00000002.gdbtablx a00000003.gdbindexes a00000003.gdbtable a00000003.gdbtablx a00000004.CatItemsByPhysicalName.atx a00000004.CatItemsByType.atx a00000004.FDO_UUID.atx a00000004.freelist a00000004.gdbindexes a00000004.gdbtable a00000004.gdbtablx a00000004.spx a00000005.CatItemTypesByName.atx a00000005.CatItemTypesByParentTypeID.atx a00000005.CatItemTypesByUUID.atx a00000005.gdbindexes a00000005.gdbtable a00000005.gdbtablx a00000006.CatRelsByDestinationID.atx a00000006.CatRelsByOriginID.atx a00000006.CatRelsByType.atx a00000006.FDO_UUID.atx a00000006.freelist a00000006.gdbindexes a00000006.gdbtable a00000006.gdbtablx a00000007.CatRelTypesByBackwardLabel.atx a00000007.CatRelTypesByDestItemTypeID.atx a00000007.CatRelTypesByForwardLabel.atx a00000007.CatRelTypesByName.atx a00000007.CatRelTypesByOriginItemTypeID.atx a00000007.CatRelTypesByUUID.atx a00000007.gdbindexes a00000007.gdbtable 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mineral_polygon_coal.qmd mineral_polygon_coal.shp mineral_polygon_coal.shx rivers 0read_all.txt qat4qat8.txt sa.jpg Source.txt wriAll500.avl wriall500.dbf wriAll500.prj wriall500.shp wriall500.shp.xml wriall500.shx WRI_500-GEO.HTM wri_500-geo.jpg SABAP2 checklist SA-Bird-Checklist-26.01.2026.xlsx SABAP2.7z South Africa border zaf_admbnda_adm0_sadb_ocha_20201109.cpg zaf_admbnda_adm0_sadb_ocha_20201109.dbf zaf_admbnda_adm0_sadb_ocha_20201109.prj zaf_admbnda_adm0_sadb_ocha_20201109.sbn zaf_admbnda_adm0_sadb_ocha_20201109.sbx zaf_admbnda_adm0_sadb_ocha_20201109.shp zaf_admbnda_adm0_sadb_ocha_20201109.shp.xml zaf_admbnda_adm0_sadb_ocha_20201109.shx zaf_admbnda_adm1_sadb_ocha_20201109.cpg zaf_admbnda_adm1_sadb_ocha_20201109.dbf zaf_admbnda_adm1_sadb_ocha_20201109.prj zaf_admbnda_adm1_sadb_ocha_20201109.sbn zaf_admbnda_adm1_sadb_ocha_20201109.sbx zaf_admbnda_adm1_sadb_ocha_20201109.shp zaf_admbnda_adm1_sadb_ocha_20201109.shp.xml zaf_admbnda_adm1_sadb_ocha_20201109.shx suitability suitability_index_barley.tif suitability_index_citrus.tif suitability_index_maize.tif suitability_index_rapeseed.tif suitability_index_soybeans.tif suitability_index_sugarcane.tif suitability_index_sunflower.tif suitability_index_wheat.tif suitability_parameters.png temperature.7z world coastlines WB_Coastlines_10m WB_Coastlines_10m.cpg WB_Coastlines_10m.dbf WB_Coastlines_10m.prj WB_Coastlines_10m.sbn WB_Coastlines_10m.sbx WB_Coastlines_10m.shp WB_Coastlines_10m.shp.xml WB_Coastlines_10m.shx tourism data Airports.csv CONSFEES_RATES_HISTORY.xls Entry fees sent by Liandi Slabbert on September 22 2025 CONSERVATIONFEES_2016-2017_20151130.pdf daily_conservation_fees_2023_24.pdf Sanparks-Tarife-2019-2020.pdf tariffs-2015-2016.pdf tariffs-2017-2018.pdf TARIFFS_2016-2017_20151130.pdf tariff_2018_19.pdf tariff_2021_22.pdf tariff_2022_23.pdf fuel_price Basic-Fuel-Price_2013.pdf Basic-Fuel-Price_2014.pdf Basic-Fuel-Price_2015.pdf Basic-Fuel-Price_2016.pdf Basic-Fuel-Price_2017.pdf Basic-Fuel-Price_2018.pdf Basic-Fuel-Price_2019.pdf Basic-Fuel-Price_2020.pdf Basic-Fuel-Price_2021.pdf Basic-Fuel-Price_2022.pdf Basic-Fuel-Price_2023.pdf Basic-Fuel-Price_2024.pdf Basic_Fuel_Price_2012.pdf P03521December2019.pdf WJFUELUSGULF.csv World Bank Official Boundaries - Admin 0 WB_GAD_ADM0.cpg WB_GAD_ADM0.dbf WB_GAD_ADM0.prj WB_GAD_ADM0.shp WB_GAD_ADM0.shx World Bank Official Boundaries - Admin 1 WB_GAD_ADM1.cpg WB_GAD_ADM1.dbf WB_GAD_ADM1.prj WB_GAD_ADM1.shp WB_GAD_ADM1.shx output data driving_durations_distances.rds provincial_driving_durations_distances.rds plots figure_7a.png figure_7b.png figure_7c.png tables travel_cost.tex scripts 10_make_figure_7.R 1_process_visits_2012_to_Q1_20232024.R 2_process_visits_Q2Q4_20232024_then_output_all_visits.R 3_estimate_intl_flight_cost.R 4_estimate_domestic_flight_cost.R 5_estimate_driving_cost.R 6_entrance_fees.R 7_make_travel_cost_intl.R 8_make_travel_cost_dom.R 9_make_choice_df.R main_tourism.R runtimes_tourism.R reproducibility_report_RR_ZAF_2026_658.pdf WB-IGO-RIDER.txt

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