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Reproducibility package for How Public Financial Management Shapes Education And Health Outcomes: A Configurational Perspective

2026
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Reference ID
RR_WLD_2026_686
Author(s)
Kaushiki Singh, Richard Anthony Sutherland
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Jul 01, 2026
Last modified
Jul 07, 2026
Page views
20
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  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata

    • Overview

    Abstract

    This study examines how configurations of public financial management performance, sectoral spending, and governance context shape education and health outcomes across developing and middle-income economies. Using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis and Bayesian robustness checks, the analysis identifies multiple sufficient pathways linking budget execution credibility to primary education, secondary education, universal health coverage, and under five mortality outcomes. Findings confirm that PFM conditions operate through conjunctural combinations rather than linear channels, that their explanatory reach is stronger for intermediate than longer term outcomes, and that strong aggregate and revenue execution can compensate for low sectoral spending. Budget credibility at the execution stage emerges as the central operative mechanism.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    File name
    RR_WLD_2026_686
    Zip package
    RR_WLD_2026_686.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for How Public Financial Management Shapes Education And Health Outcomes: A Configurational Perspective
    Date
    2026-06
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    Python
    Version
    3.11.15
    Name
    fsQCA
    Version
    4.1

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
    • Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (2 processors)
    • Memory available: 32.0 GB
    Technology requirements

    Run time: ~ 5 minutes
    Reproduction instructions

    To reproduce the findings from the datasets processed in fsQCA included in the package:

    1. Restore the environment using environment.txt.
    2. Run fsqca_bayesian_check_replicationcodes.ipynb and PFM_Paper_Figures1_2_3.ipynb.

    To reproduce the findings from the raw data:

    1. Follow the fsQCA steps in the README to prepare the intermediate datasets.
    2. Follow steps 1 and 2 above.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    World Development Indicators
    Note
    Data accessed in September 2025. Variables used: (1) For Figures 1 and 2: Military expenditure (% of GDP), Current health expenditure (% of GDP), Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP); (2) For statistical analysis: GDP per capita (GDPpc), education expenditure as % of GDP (Edexp), health expenditure as % of GDP (Hexp), primary education attainment rate (PeD), and upper secondary education attainment rate (SeD). File location: Paper_Charts/Data for charts/ (Figures 1 and 2 sheets); Final Datasets for Estimation/.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
    Data URL
    https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
    Citation
    World Bank. 2025. "World Development Indicators" [dataset]. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators. Accessed September 2025.
    Name
    Foreign Aid Received (Net ODA) – Our World in Data
    Note
    Data accessed in September 2025. Used for Figure 3 (2011–2022). Underlying source: OECD Official Development Assistance (ODA) — DAC2A: Aid (ODA) disbursements to countries and regions, OECD Data Explorer, with major processing by Our World in Data. File location: Paper_Charts/Data for charts/ (Figure 3 sheet).
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/foreign-aid-received-net
    Citation
    Our World in Data. 2025. "Foreign Aid Received (Net ODA)" [dataset]. Based on OECD DAC2A: Aid (ODA) disbursements to countries and regions, with major processing by Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/foreign-aid-received-net. Accessed September 2025.
    Name
    PEFA Assessments (2016–2025)
    Note
    Data accessed in September 2025. Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability framework scores for PI-01 (aggregate expenditure outturn), PI-02 (expenditure composition outturn), and PI-03 (revenue outturn). File location: Final Datasets for Estimation/.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
    Data URL
    https://www.pefa.org/index.php/assessments/batch-downloads
    Citation
    PEFA Secretariat. 2025. "PEFA Assessments" [dataset]. https://www.pefa.org/index.php/assessments/batch-downloads. Accessed September 2025.
    Name
    Under-Five Mortality Rate – UNICEF
    Note
    Data accessed in September 2025. Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) per 1,000 live births. File location: Final Datasets for Estimation/.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 IGO (CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO)
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/igo/
    Data URL
    https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-mortality/
    Citation
    UNICEF. 2025. "Under-Five Mortality Rate" [dataset]. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-mortality/. Accessed September 2025.
    Name
    Universal Health Coverage Index
    Note
    Data accessed in September 2025. Universal Health Coverage Index (UHC). File location: Final Datasets for Estimation/.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
    Data URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0060802
    Citation
    World Bank. 2025. "Universal Health Coverage Index" [dataset]. World Bank Development Data Hub. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0060802. Accessed September 2025.
    Name
    Worldwide Governance Indicators
    Note
    Data accessed in September 2025. Government Effectiveness dimension (WGIge). File location: Final Datasets for Estimation/.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
    Data URL
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
    Citation
    World Bank. 2025. "Worldwide Governance Indicators" [dataset]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators. Accessed September 2025.
    Data statement

    All data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    How Public Financial Management Shapes Education And Health Outcomes: A Configurational Perspective
    Description
    Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Kaushiki Singh World Bank ksingh12@worldbank.org
    Richard Anthony Sutherland World Bank rsutherland@pefa.org
    Date of production

    2026-06-30

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    World WLD
    Keywords
    Public Financial Management Pefa Budget Credibility Education Outcomes Health Outcomes Configurational Analysis Fsqca Bayesian Analysis
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    H50 General H5 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    H61 Budget • Budget Systems H6 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    I18 Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health I1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    I20 General I2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    O23 Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development O2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    C18 Methodological Issues: General C1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    MIT License https://opensource.org/license/mit
    World Bank IGO Rider https://github.com/worldbank/metadata-editor/blob/main/WB-IGO-RIDER.md

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Kaushiki Singh Wordl Bank ksingh12@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2026-06-30
    Document version

    1
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