Reproducibility package for Intangible Capital And Labor Income: Firm-Level Evidence From India
Overview
The relationship between capital deepening and labor income shares is much studied. However, there is little evidence on how traditional forms of capital, such as machinery and equipment, and intangible ‘knowledge-based’ capital, such as software, research and development (R&D), organizational culture, and brand value, differentially affect labor income, particularly in developing economies. Using balance sheet data from over 30,000 companies in India between 2001 and 2021, this paper finds a significant positive relationship between both tangible and intangible capital, on the one hand, and labor income share, on the other hand. The positive relationship between intangible capital assets and labor income share can be attributed to the positive impact of intangibles on both labor productivity and employment, which is indicative of complementarities with jobs. Furthermore, the positive link between intangible capital assets and labor income share is stronger for firms operating in sectors with high skill, R&D, or ICT intensity, which is indicative of complementarities with skills.
Reproducibility Package
| Repository name | URI |
|---|---|
| Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) | https://reproducibility.worldbank.org |
Reproducibility
Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
• OS: Windows 11 Enterprise 25H2
• Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz (2 processors)
• Memory available: 16.0 G
Run time: ~ 30 minutes
To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:
- Secure Access to Data: Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.
- Run the Package: Update the working directory in line 7 of
Master_ACTIVE.do, and run it.
Since not all the data is included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.
Data
Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.
Description
| Author | Affiliation | |
|---|---|---|
| Shu Yu | World Bank | syu2@worldbank.org |
| Abdul A Erumban | Groningen Growth and Development Center, University of Groningen. | a.a.erumban@rug.nl |
| Gaurav Nayyar | World Bank | gnayyar@worldbank.org |
2026-08-17
Scope and coverage
| Location | Code |
|---|---|
| India | IND |
Disclaimer
The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.
Access and rights
| Name | URI |
|---|---|
| MIT License | https://opensource.org/license/mit |
| World Bank IGO Rider | https://github.com/worldbank/metadata-editor/blob/main/WB-IGO-RIDER.md |
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | |
|---|---|---|
| Shu Yu | World Bank | syu2@worldbank.org |
| Reproducibility WBG | World Bank | reproducibility@worldbank.org |
Information on metadata
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproducibility WBG | DECDI | World Bank - Development Impact Department | Verification and preparation of metadata |
2026-08-17
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