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PRWP

Reproducibility package for Climate And Social Sustainability In FCV Contexts

2025
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Reference ID
RR_WLD_2025_489
Author(s)
Jose Cuesta, Connor Huff
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Dec 23, 2025
Last modified
Dec 23, 2025
  • Project Description
  • Downloads
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata
  • Overview

    Abstract

    Climate change is widely recognized as a driver of violent conflict, but its broader social effects remain less understood. Ignoring these dimensions risks a vicious cycle where climate policies might undermine socially just adaptation. Evidence is still limited on how climate shocks influence political participation, trust, or migration. This paper helps fill that gap by examining links between climate change, conflict, and social sustainability, with a focus on inclusion, resilience, cohesion, and legitimacy. Using secondary data from 2019–2024, the study applies simple correlation-based methods to test three hypotheses on the nature, severity, and composition of these associations. The analysis combines multiple climate impact measures, new conflict classifications, recent social sustainability frameworks, and controls for population and geography. Results reveal strong correlations—not causation—between climate events and contexts of fragility, conflict, and violence. Climate impacts are most pronounced in both national and subnational conflict settings. We also find robust links between fragility, conflict and violence and low levels of social sustainability, reflecting its role as both a driver and consequence of conflict. Some dimensions—such as violent events and insecurity—appear weaker in areas most affected by climate shocks. Two hypotheses are supported, while one remains inconclusive.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Readme Get Reproducibility Package
    Link: https://reproducibility.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/426/download/1215/README.pdf
    Reproducibility package for Climate And Social Sustainability In FCV Contexts
    File name
    RR_WLD_2025_489
    Zip package
    RR_WLD_2025_489.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Climate And Social Sustainability In FCV Contexts
    Date
    2025-12
    Dependencies
    R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    R
    Name
    R
    Version
    4.5.1

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Runtime: 1 hour

    Technology requirements

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 10 Enterprise, version 22H2
    • Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6132 CPU @ 2.60GHz 2.60 GHz (2 processors)
    • Memory available: 128 GB
    • Software version: R 4.5.1

    Reproduction instructions

    To reproduce the findings in this study, please follow the steps below:

    1. Acquire the limited-access data and place all required files in the /Data folder. Please see the README file for detailed instructions on data access.
    2. Open the Climate and SS in FCV-Replication.Rproj project and run the Master.R script.
    3. Outputs will be generated in the /Tables and /Graphs folders.

    Data

    Datasets
    Social Sustainability Global Database (SSGD)
    Name
    Social Sustainability Global Database (SSGD)
    Note
    Source: World Bank
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
    License URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/public-licenses?fragment=cc
    Data URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0061880/Social-Sustainability-Global-Database-
    Citation
    World Bank. 2024. "Social Sustainability Global Database [dataset]," v3, https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0061880/Social-Sustainability-Global-Database-, 2024-7-12.
    EM-DAT International Disaster Database (Natural Disasters)
    Name
    EM-DAT International Disaster Database (Natural Disasters)
    Note
    Source: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED)
    Access policy
    Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom license
    License URL
    https://www.emdat.be/terms-and-conditions/
    Data URL
    https://www.emdat.be/
    Citation
    Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED). 2025. EM-DAT International Disaster Database – Natural Disasters [dataset]. Université catholique de Louvain. https://www.emdat.be/. Accessed 2025.
    Global Flood Events Database
    Name
    Global Flood Events Database
    Note
    Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/Archives/
    Citation
    Dartmouth Flood Observatory. 2025. Global Flood Events Database [dataset]. University of Colorado Boulder. https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/Archives/. Accessed 2025.
    Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN) Country Index
    Name
    Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN) Country Index
    Note
    Source: University of Notre Dame
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/
    Citation
    Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN). 2025. ND-GAIN Country Index [dataset]. University of Notre Dame. https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/. Accessed 2025.
    Fragility, Conflict, and Violence (FCV) Country Classification
    Name
    Fragility, Conflict, and Violence (FCV) Country Classification
    Note
    Source: World Bank
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
    Data URL
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/fragilityconflictviolence
    Citation
    World Bank. 2025. Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Country Classification [dataset]. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/fragilityconflictviolence. Accessed 2025. .
    World Development Indicators – Land Area
    Name
    World Development Indicators – Land Area
    Note
    Source: World Bank
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
    License URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses#cc-by
    Data URL
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2
    Citation
    World Bank. 2025. World Development Indicators: Land area (sq. km) [dataset]. World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2. Accessed 2025.
    World Development Indicators – Population total
    Name
    World Development Indicators – Population total
    Note
    Source: World Bank
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
    License URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses#cc-by
    Data URL
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL
    Citation
    World Bank. 2025. World Development Indicators: Population, total [dataset]. World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL. Accessed 2025.
    Data statement

    Some data is limited access and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Climate And Social Sustainability In FCV Contexts
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    Climate And Social Sustainability In FCV Contexts
    Description
    Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Jose Cuesta World Bank Group jcuesta@worldbank.org
    Connor Huff University of California Los Angeles connorhuff@ucla.edu
    Date of production

    2025-12-15

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    World WLD
    Keywords
    Climate Change Conflict Fragility Violence Social Sustainability
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    Q01 Sustainable Development Q0 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    Q56 Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth Q5 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Jose Cuesta World Bank jcuesta@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2025-12-15

    Document version

    1

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